Plant fiber refers to a hair-like material directly obtained from various parts of plants, such as seeds, stems, leaves, or fruits. These fibers are composed primarily of cellulose, a long-chain carbohydrate molecule. They are characterized by their long, narrow structure and significant length compared to their diameter. Plant fibers can be converted into nonwoven fabrics like felt or paper or, after spinning into yarns, woven into textiles. Plant fibers, often called vegetable fibers, play an increasing role in daily life.
Examples of Plant Fibers
Cotton: Several species of the genus Gossypium provide cotton. It is a soft, fluffy fiber obtained from the seeds or bolls of the cotton plant. Fiber length varies from 10 to 65 mm, and diameter from 11 to 22 microns. Cotton fiber consists of almost pure cellulose, making the fabric soft and breathable and mainly used in clothes. Cotton thrives in sandy soil in humid regions that are near water. The plant is naturally a perennial shrub or small tree, but under cultivation, it is treated as an annual.
Flax: It is a type of bast fiber which is obtained from the stems of Linum usitatissimum. Flax fiber length is up to 90 cm, and the average diameter is from 12 to 16 microns. Like cotton, flax fiber is a cellulose polymer, but its structure is more crystalline, giving it more tensile strength, durability, and fineness. Flax fiber is used in the manufacture of linen cloth and thread, canvas and writing paper, strong twine, carpets, fish lines, cigarette paper, and insulating materials. Flax fiber absorbs and releases water quickly, making linen cloths very comfortable to wear during hot weather.
Hemp: is a type of bast fibre obtained from the stems of the plant Cannabis sativa. Hemp fibers are about 70% cellulose and contain low levels of lignin (around 8-10%), and the diameter ranges from 16 to 50 microns. Hemp fiber conducts heat, blocks ultraviolet light, and has natural anti-bacterial properties. Easy to grow in a mild humid climate and a rich loamy soil with an abundance of humus. The best grade of fiber is obtained from male plants. It is used to make rope, shoes, sailcloth, yacht cordage, binder twine, food paper, bioplastics, etc.
Further Reading
Comprehensive Guide to Plant Fibers: Types, Properties, and Examples
