Citronella: A complete guide about history, benefits, and growing tips

Wikifarmer

Editorial team

6 min read
Citronella: A complete guide about history, benefits, and growing tips

Citronella, a plant known for its refreshing lemony scent and powerful insect-repellent properties, has captured the interest of gardeners and health enthusiasts. This guide will take you through the history, benefits, and growing tips for citronella, providing you with all the information needed to grow and use this plant.

History of Citronella

Citronella belongs to the Poaceae family and is scientifically known as Cymbopogon nardus or Cymbopogon winterianus. It has been used for centuries in various cultures for its aromatic properties and medicinal benefits. Originating from tropical Asia, citronella spread to other parts of the world through trade and exploration.

The plant, commonly known as "citronella," can be sold under various names, leading to some confusion. The most frequently encountered citronella plant is a type of "scented geranium," though it's important to note that garden geraniums are not true geraniums; they belong to the genus Pelargonium. In North America, this plant is known by several names, including Pelargonium citrosum, mosquito plant, Pelargonium citrosum ‘van Leenii,’ citranium, or citrosa geranium. It is also marketed under the name “Mozzie Buster.” However, the species P. citrosum does not exist, and the plant is likely a cultivar of Pelargonium graveolens, meaning it should be correctly labeled as Pelargonium ‘citrosum.’

Adding to the confusion, two distinct plants are commonly called "Citronella." These are Citronella Grass (Cymbopogon nardus or C. winterianus) and Citronella Geranium (Pelargonium 'Citronella'). Citronella Grass, also known as Mosquito Grass, is a clump-forming perennial that is often grown as an annual in colder climates.

In ancient times, citronella was valued for its fragrance and used in perfumes and as a natural deodorizer. Traditional medicine systems, such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine, have also recognized citronella for its therapeutic properties. It is used to treat infections, inflammation, and digestive issues.

What are the benefits of the citronella plant?

  1. Natural Insect Repellent: Citronella's most well-known benefit is its ability to repel insects, particularly mosquitoes. Citronella oil, derived from the plant's leaves and stems, is a common ingredient in insect-repellent candles, sprays, and lotions. Apart from the citronella plant, you can find numerous natural mosquito-repellent plants for your garden in this article. 
  2. Aromatherapy: Citronella's invigorating scent can uplift the mood and reduce stress. It's commonly used in essential oil diffusers and aromatherapy treatments to create a refreshing and calming atmosphere.
  3. Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties: Citronella oil possesses antibacterial and antifungal properties, making it useful in cleaning products and for treating minor cuts and wounds. It can help prevent infections and promote faster healing.
  4. Anti-inflammatory Effects: The anti-inflammatory properties of citronella make it beneficial for reducing swelling and pain associated with arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. It can be applied topically in diluted form to affected areas.
  5. Digestive Aid: Citronella has been used in traditional medicine to aid digestion and alleviate stomach issues. Drinking citronella tea can help relieve indigestion, bloating, and cramps.

How to cultivate citronella in your backyard?

  • Climate conditions: Citronella thrives in warm, tropical climates but can also be grown in temperate regions. Ideal temperatures range from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). It cannot tolerate frost, so in cooler climates, it should be grown annually or in containers that can be brought indoors during winter.
  • Location: Citronella prefers full sunlight, requiring at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. However, it can tolerate partial shade, especially in hot climates where afternoon shade protects it from scorching.

Soil Requirements:

  • Soil Type: Citronella prefers well-draining soil to prevent waterlogging and root rot. It works best in sandy loam or loamy soil.
  • Soil pH: Aim for a pH range of 6.0 to 7.5. You can test your soil's pH and amend it if necessary. Adding lime can raise the pH, while sulfur can lower it.
  • Soil Preparation: Enhance the soil with organic matter such as compost or well-rotted manure to improve fertility and structure. This helps retain moisture while ensuring good drainage.

Watering:

  • Regular Watering: Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Water the plant regularly, particularly during dry periods. Aim to keep the soil damp but not soaked.
  • Drainage: Ensure the plant is in well-draining soil or containers with drainage holes to prevent root rot. Reduce watering in the winter when the plant's growth slows down and the water needs are less.

Fertilizing:

  • Type of Fertilizer: Use a balanced, all-purpose fertilizer (e.g., 10-10-10 NPK) every four to six weeks during the growing season (spring and summer).
  • Organic Options: Organic fertilizers like compost, worm castings, or well-rotted manure can also provide the necessary nutrients. These options improve soil health and structure over time.

Pruning:

  • Regular Pruning: Trim the leaves and stems as needed, especially if they become too long or leggy. Regular pruning helps maintain the plant's shape and encourages bushier growth. Pruning also improves air circulation around the plant, reducing the risk of fungal diseases. Remove any dead or yellowing leaves to keep the plant healthy.

Propagation:

  • Division: To divide the plant, carefully separate a clump of roots from the main plant. Ensure each division has several healthy shoots and roots. Replant the divisions in new pots or garden beds.
  • Stem Cuttings: Cut a healthy stem about 4-6 inches long, remove the lower leaves, and place it in water or moist soil. Roots should develop within a few weeks. Once the roots are established, transplant the cutting into a pot or garden bed.

Pest and Disease Control:

  • Common Pests: While citronella is generally resistant to many pests, it can occasionally be affected by aphids, spider mites, or mealybugs. These pests can cause damage by sucking the sap from the leaves, leading to yellowing, wilting, or stunted growth. Regularly inspect the plant, particularly the undersides of leaves, for any signs of these pests. Early detection makes treatment easier and more effective.
  • Organic Treatments: If you notice an infestation, treat it promptly with organic insecticidal soap or neem oil. These treatments are effective at killing pests without harming the plant or beneficial insects. Insecticidal soap disrupts pests' cell membranes, leading to dehydration and death. Neem oil, derived from the neem tree, is a repellent and growth inhibitor for many insects. Apply these treatments according to the manufacturer's instructions, usually by spraying directly onto the affected areas.
  • Disease Prevention: Proper cultural practices can help prevent diseases. Ensure plants are spaced adequately to improve air circulation and reduce humidity, which can discourage fungal infections such as powdery mildew or root rot. Avoid overhead watering, as wet leaves can promote the development of leaf diseases. Instead, water the soil at the base of the plant. If you notice any diseased leaves, remove and dispose of them promptly to prevent the spread of the infection.

Conclusion

Citronella is a versatile and beneficial plant that can enhance your garden, home, and well-being. Its rich history, many uses, and relatively easy cultivation make it a valuable addition to any plant collection. 

References

  1. Babarinde, S. A., and A. O. Adebiyi. "A Review of the Mosquito Repellent Properties of Citronella Oil." Journal of Advanced Scientific Research, vol. 3, no. 2, 2012, pp. 53-57.
  2. Vongsak, B., et al. "Antimicrobial Activities of Essential Oils from Different Parts of Cymbopogon Citratus and Cymbopogon Nardus." Journal of Tropical Medicine, vol. 2019, Article ID 1528574.
  3. Singh, M., and A. Chaturvedi. "Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus): A Comprehensive Review on Its Essential Oil and Utilization." International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, vol. 8, no. 12, 2017, pp. 22024-22029.
  4. The Herb Society of America. "Citronella Plant." The Herb Society of America Guide, 2020.
  5. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. "Citronella Grass, Cymbopogon nardus." Gardening Solutions, 2019