Combatting Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock with BSFL Antimicrobial Peptides

An article regarding BSFL Antimicrobial Peptides By Ishaya Gadzama & Penuel Panuel

Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock is a growing concern, threatening animal health and food security. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a promising, sustainable alternative to traditional antibiotics, enhancing livestock health and combatting AMR.

Antimicrobial Resistance

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a pressing concern, affecting a range of livestock. This resistance leads to the failure to treat infections effectively, resulting in higher mortality rates, prolonged illnesses, and significant impacts on animal welfare and food security. The issue of AMR has been particularly problematic in livestock farming, where the overuse of antibiotics has escalated the prevalence of infectious diseases among animals and humans alike (Simjee et al., 2002; Xia et al., 2021; Veldkamp et al., 2022).

Combatting-Antimicrobial-Resistance-in-Livestock-with-BSFL-Antimicrobial-Peptides

Figure 1. Antimicrobial Resistance Source: https://www.nps.org.au/consumers/antibiotic-resistance-the-facts

In response to the growing AMR crisis, measures have been taken to limit antibiotic use within the feed industry, agriculture, and veterinary medicine. However, these restrictions only provide a temporary solution, prompting ongoing research to discover sustainable antibiotic alternatives that effectively address animal health and welfare. One such promising alternative is the BSFL, which has emerged as a potential source of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). These AMPs could enhance animal health and provide solutions against antibiotic resistance.

The Potential of BSFL Antimicrobial Peptides as an Alternative to Antibiotics in Animal Feed

The escalating issue of antibiotic resistance necessitates the search for viable alternatives. Antimicrobial peptides derived from BSFL present a promising solution. These AMPs have been shown to possess extensive antimicrobial properties, which could replace antibiotics in animal feed, thus diminishing the risk of breeding antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Incorporating BSFL into animal feed offers a high-quality protein source and introduces AMPs that may enhance livestock health and immunity. This dual benefit is particularly significant in the context of the growing antibiotic resistance challenge. Studies like Xia et al. (2021) have highlighted the potential of BSFL-derived AMPs as prophylactic and therapeutic agents against animal diseases, noting their lower propensity for inducing resistance. Furthermore, BSFL-derived AMPs may protect animals from infections by pathogenic microorganisms and influence cellular responses to external damage (Xia et al., 2021). Liu et al. (2021) have deemed the application of BSFL-derived AMP in livestock production as safe, marking a critical step toward adopting these natural and sustainable alternatives to traditional antibiotics.

The Impact of BSFL Antimicrobial Peptides on Livestock Health and Disease Prevention

Including AMPs from BSFL in animal feed is a progressive step in livestock health management. BSFL not only provides a high-quality protein source but also introduces beneficial AMPs into livestock diets. Recent studies have shown that incorporating BSFL AMPs enhances animals' immune systems (Muslykhah et al., 2024).

Effects of BSFL on Poultry Health

Turkeys fed with 100% BSFL fat for 28 days showed a decrease in the proliferation of Enterobacteriaceae spp. and levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 (Sypniewski et al., 2020), indicating a potential anti-inflammatory effect of BSFL fat in poultry diets.

Kierończyk et al. (2022) found that turkeys fed dietary BSFL fat at 50% and 100% for 28 days had improved cecal microbiota profiles with reduced Bacteroides-Prevotella clusters compared to the control, suggesting that BSFL fat can positively influence gut microbiota composition.

Chicks fed 3% BSF prepupae during the early stages of life and 5% during later stages had significantly lower cecal Salmonella counts and total bacterial counts compared to the control group (Attia et al., 2023), indicating a bacteriostatic effect of BSF prepupae.

Hy-line Brown laying hens fed 0, 1, 2, or 3% BSFL for 60 days showed a significantly lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes at the phylum level compared to the control group (Yan et al., 2023).

Effects of BSFL on Pig Health

Pigs fed BSFL showed a positive development in their intestinal microbiome compared to the control group after just three weeks (Kar et al., 2021).

The study by Spranghers et al. (2018) revealed a significant reduction in D-streptococci both in vitro and within the guts of pigs, highlighting the antimicrobial potential of BSFL.

Effects of BSFL on Rabbits' Health

Replacing soybean oil with 1.5% BSFL fat in the rabbit diet did not increase Salmonella growth but significantly lowered Yersinia enterocolitica growth (Dabbou et al., 2020), suggesting a selective antimicrobial effect.

Effects of BSFL on Fish Health

Fish fed 25% and 50% BSFL meal for 8 weeks exhibited higher intestinal microbiota diversity, often associated with improved gut health and function (Yu et al., 2023).

Fish receiving a diet of 100% BSFL meal for 8 weeks had enhanced disease resistance, as evidenced by increased levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase when challenged with Staphylococcus aureus (Fatima et al., 2023).

Effects of BSFL on Goat Health

Feeding BSFL meals in milk replacers to young goats did not adversely affect their physiological responses (Sepriadi et al., 2022).

The Environmental Benefits of Using BSFL in Animal Feed

Insect farming, using BSFL is emerging as a sustainable agricultural practice that offers numerous environmental benefits over traditional livestock production. It requires less land and water, contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions, and has high feed conversion efficiencies (Van Huis and Oonincx, 2017). This innovative approach not only recycles waste but also diminishes the dependence on conventional protein sources like soybean meal and fish meal, which typically demand extensive land and water resources. Furthermore, applying AMPs from BSFL offers an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional antibiotics. AMPs have a short half-life, leading to low environmental persistence, and their bactericidal effect does not depend on the growth state of bacteria, unlike conventional antibiotics that target dividing cells (Pfalzgraff et al., 2018; Miao et al., 2021).

The Economic Advantages of BSFL for Farmers and the Agriculture Industry

In regions where agricultural by-products are abundant but underutilized, BSFL farming can transform these materials into valuable animal feed. Using BSFL can significantly reduce feed costs, a major expense in livestock and aquaculture operations, accounting for 60-70% of total costs. BSFL transform organic waste into high-quality protein, which can be used as feed (Abro et al., 2022; Gadzama et al., 2024), thus contributing to a circular economy and reducing the reliance on traditional, more expensive feed resources. The scalability of BSFL production is another economic benefit (Raman et al., 2022), as it can be adapted to various scales of operation, from small family-run farms to larger industrial setups. This flexibility allows farmers to start small and expand as market demand grows (Munthali et al., 2023; Batool et al., 2024). Therefore, BSFL farming could offer a sustainable alternative to conventional feed, reduces costs, and has the potential to generate additional income through the valorization of agricultural by-products.

Challenges and Considerations in the Application of BSFL AMPs in Animal Feed

Applying BSFL AMPs in animal feed presents clear benefits but faces several challenges. Initially, the focus was on extracting lipids, proteins, and chitin from the larval stage of BSFL. However, rearing batches often contain individuals at various life stages, including larvae, pre-pupae, and pupae, indicating a need to explore lipid extraction across these stages (Smets et al., 2021). Starr & Wimley (2017) reviewed the susceptibility of AMPs to proteolytic degradation, which is a significant obstacle to their practical application. The high cost of peptide purification and production compounds this. Moreover, Leni et al. (2020) identified the potential for allergic reactions in animals due to allergens present in BSFL AMPs.

Furthermore, the ecological impact of BSF and the accumulation of heavy metals like cadmium in BSFL pose additional limitations to their use in animal feed. Wu et al. (2020) found that exposing BSFL to copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) at certain levels did not significantly inhibit their weight gain. However, higher concentrations increased metal accumulation in the larvae's body and feces, indicating the need for further research into the uptake of heavy metals by BSFL, its impact on larval growth, and the potential effects on the gut microbiota. These studies collectively show the complexities in harnessing BSFL AMPs for animal feed, encompassing regulatory, economic, and ecological considerations alongside the imperative to ensure product consistency and safety.

The Future of BSFL Antimicrobial Peptides in Animal Nutrition

The future of BSFL and AMPs in animal nutrition is promising. The current focus of research is optimizing BSFL production and understanding the mechanisms of AMPs to harness their full potential in animal feed. The spectrum of known AMPs is expanding, revealing peptides with unique properties that could benefit various applications. Integrating these peptides into animal feed is innovative and could signal a paradigm shift in the industry towards more natural and sustainable practices. Despite these advancements, the response of animals to dietary AMPs is not fully understood, highlighting the need for further study. This research is critical to fully exploit the potential of insect-derived bioactive molecules, such as AMPs, for animal health.

Conclusion

The potential of BSFL oil as a feed ingredient in livestock farming is being explored to support a circular economy and reduce the use of antimicrobial drugs. This approach is timely, given the increasing concern over antibiotic resistance. The antimicrobial peptides found in BSFL are considered a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics, offering new strategies to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Utilizing BSFL-derived AMPs in animal feed could enhance livestock health and growth while adhering to circular economy principles by transforming organic waste into valuable feedstock. This not only supports animal health but also lessens the environmental footprint of farming and enhances the sustainability of food production systems.

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