Global food demand is rising, pushing the agricultural industry to find new and sustainable ways to feed the world. A significant portion of this effort involves improving animal nutrition, as animal protein is a crucial part of the human diet. Traditional animal feed sources face challenges related to cost and environmental impact. Recent research explores the potential of industrial hemp and its byproducts as novel feed ingredients for livestock. Hemp is gaining popularity due to its rapid growth and rich nutritional profile, including proteins, fats, and essential fatty acids. Studies are investigating how incorporating hemp into animal diets affects their growth, health, and the quality of meat and milk produced. Furthermore, researchers are examining the safety of using hemp-based feeds, focusing on the potential transfer of compounds like cannabinoids. The goal is to identify cost-effective, nutritious, and safe feed alternatives that can contribute to a more sustainable and secure global food supply.
Introduction
The escalating global population necessitates a substantial increase in agricultural productivity to meet future food demands (Velten et al., 2015; FAO, 2019). Animal agriculture plays a critical role in securing public food demands by providing essential protein (Figure 1). However, traditional livestock feeding practices' sustainability and economic viability are increasingly scrutinized. Feed costs constitute a significant portion of livestock production expenses, with protein sources being a major contributor (Gadzama et al., 2017; Yashim et al., 2017a). This has spurred extensive research into unconventional and less conventional feed ingredients to enhance efficiency and reduce production costs (Yashim et al., 2017b).
Figure 1. Projection of global food demand. Adapted from Gantner et al. (2022)
Historically, conventional feedstuffs such as corn and soybean meal have been primary components of livestock diets. However, factors like land use competition, environmental concerns, and price volatility have motivated the exploration of alternative resources (Gadzama, 2024a; Gadzama et al., 2024). In recent years, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) has emerged as a promising candidate in animal nutrition research (He et al., 2025). As one of the oldest cultivated plants, hemp is known for its rapid growth, high biomass yield, and versatile applications, including its nutritional value for both humans and animals (Muedi et al., 2024). The increasing consumer preference for hemp nutritional products and its potential high profitability for farmers compared to other crops have further fueled interest in industrial hemp cultivation (Vonapartis et al., 2015). This has led to a growing body of research investigating the nutritional composition, safety, and efficacy of incorporating various hemp-derived products into the diets of different livestock species, aiming to contribute to more sustainable and productive animal agriculture.
Nutritional Composition of Hemp-Based Feeds
Industrial hemp, particularly its seeds and processing byproducts, presents a rich nutritional profile suitable for animal feed (Figure 2). Whole hemp seed contains approximately 25% crude protein, 33 to 35% oil, and 34% carbohydrate, along with a broad spectrum of vitamins and minerals (Darshan & Rudolph, 2000; Leson et al., 2001; Callaway, 2004). Hemp seed oil is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), comprising 75 to 80% of its total fatty acid content, including significant levels of linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA) (Callaway, 2004). The LA:ALA ratio in hemp is often cited as being beneficial for human health, typically ranging from 2:1 to 3:1 (WHO, 2003; Callaway, 2004; Majewski et al., 2021; Rehman et al., 2021).
Figure 2. Hemp seeds, oil, and cake/pellets
Source: https://www.ekowarehouse.com/
Hemp seed cake (HSC), a byproduct of oil extraction, retains a significant portion of the protein and fiber content of the original seed (Figure 2). Studies have reported the crude protein content of HSC to range from 28.1% to 32.06%. Additionally, HSC is a good source of fat (around 9.02%) and essential and non-essential amino acids, including lysine, methionine, and threonine, which are crucial for animal growth, immunity, and production (He et al., 2025).
Hemp hulls (HH), another byproduct, have a lower protein content (around 15.7%) but are high in neutral detergent fiber (around 58.8%) (Mohamed et al., 2024) (Figure 3). These diverse nutritional profiles suggest that different hemp fractions can be strategically utilized in animal diets to meet specific nutritional requirements.
Figure 3. Hemp hulls
Source: https://www.hempacresusa.com/products/hemp-hulls
Impact of Hemp Feeds on Animal Performance and Product Quality
Research has investigated the effects of incorporating various hemp byproducts into the diets of different livestock species, including dairy cows, beef cattle, goats, sheep, and poultry.
In dairy cows, studies have explored the use of spent hemp biomass (SHB) and hemp seed oil. Irawan et al. (2024) reviewed the potential of SHB as feed for lactating dairy cows, highlighting the need for further research to optimize its inclusion. Supplementation with hemp seed oil in dairy water buffalo diets has shown promising results in altering milk fatty acid composition, increasing the levels of beneficial PUFAs without negatively impacting milk yield (Gu et al., 2025). Similarly, supplementing ewes with hemp seed increased fat-corrected milk and milk fat content and favorably altered the milk fatty acid profile by increasing ALA, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), EPA, and DHA concentrations (Mierliță et al., 2023).
In meat production, studies on feedlot cattle have indicated that full-fat hemp seed can influence tissue fatty acid profiles (Gibb et al., 2005). Research with growing meat goats fed hempseed meal (HSM) showed no significant differences in fresh and cooked meat characteristics, suggesting HSM can be included without detrimental effects on basic meat quality parameters (Gurung et al., 2028). Furthermore, a study on finishing lambs found that including spent hemp biomass in the diet affected carcass quality and fatty acid profiles, indicating potential for enhancing the nutritional value of lamb meat (Parker et al., 2022).
In poultry, the emergence of hemp as feed has garnered significant attention (Shariatmadari, 2023). Hemp seed cake has been evaluated as a protein source in broiler diets. It shows comparable amino acid profiles to soybean meal and potential health-promoting properties due to its PUFA content (Tufarelli et al., 2023). Studies on laying hens have demonstrated that the dietary inclusion of hemp co-products can influence laying performance and eggs' nutritional and functional profile (Lanzoni et al., 2025). These findings collectively suggest that hemp-based feeds can be effectively utilized in various livestock species, potentially enhancing both animal performance and the nutritional quality of animal products.
Safety Considerations of Hemp in Animal Feed
A critical aspect of introducing novel feed ingredients like hemp is ensuring animal and consumer safety. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential transfer of cannabinoids, heavy metals, and mycotoxins from hemp-based feeds into animal products.
Industrial hemp varieties are characterized by low levels of Δ-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the psychoactive compound found in cannabis. Studies analyzing hemp seed cake and finished feeds formulated with HSC have reported cannabinoid levels to be below detectable limits by chromatographic methods (Kasula et al., 2021). Similarly, a study monitoring cannabinoids in meat and animal feed samples in Singapore found no detectable cannabinoids, suggesting no imminent food safety concerns from the potential incorporation of hemp (Sin et al., 2024). Mohamed et al. (2024) also reported that antinutritional factors, including THC and heavy metals, in various hemp seed-derived fractions were below the maximum allowable residual levels in food/feed, according to regulatory guidelines.
Image Source: https://wallpaperaccess.com/laboratory-hd
Mycotoxin levels in hemp seed cake have also been analyzed, with reported averages for aflatoxin, zearalenone, fumonisins, T-2, ochratoxins, and vomitoxins being very low (Kasula et al., 2021). These findings indicate that when sourced appropriately and adhering to regulatory standards, hemp-based feeds appear to pose minimal risk regarding cannabinoid and mycotoxin contamination in animal products. However, continuous monitoring and risk evaluation are still prudent as the use of hemp in animal nutrition expands (Sin et al., 2024).
Sustainability and Economic Aspects
The increasing interest in industrial hemp as animal feed is also driven by its potential contributions to sustainability and economic viability in agriculture (Figure 4). The use of agricultural byproducts, such as hemp seed cake and spent hemp biomass, in animal nutrition aligns with the principles of a circular economy by reducing waste and production costs (Velten et al., 2015; Gadzama, 2024b). Industrial hemp cultivation is becoming more popular due to consumer preferences and its potential high profitability for farmers compared to traditional crops like cotton and corn (Vonapartis et al., 2015).
Figure 4. Sustainability and Economic Aspects of Hemp as Animal Feed
Image Credit: Ishaya Gadzama (2025)
Conclusion
Livestock producers can potentially reduce their reliance on conventional, often more expensive, feed sources like soybean meal by utilizing hemp byproducts as feed ingredients. The rich protein and fat content of hemp seed cake, for instance, can serve as a valuable nutritional supplement, potentially lowering feed costs while maintaining or even improving animal performance and product quality. Furthermore, the environmental benefits of hemp cultivation, such as its relatively low water and pesticide requirements compared to other crops, contribute to a more sustainable agricultural system. The combination of economic and environmental advantages positions hemp as a compelling component of future animal feeding strategies.
Recommendations
Further research is needed to optimize the use of different hemp fractions in the diets of various livestock species across different life stages. Understanding the long-term effects on animal health, performance, and product quality remains essential. Moreover, consumer education and clear regulatory guidelines are necessary to ensure the widespread acceptance and adoption of hemp as a valuable component of sustainable animal feeding strategies. The integration of hemp into animal nutrition represents a novel approach with the potential to contribute significantly to feeding a growing world population in a more sustainable and nutritious manner.
References
- Callaway, J. C. (2004). Hempseed as a nutritional resource: An overview. Euphytica, 140(1-2), 65–72.
- FAO (2019). The future of food and agriculture – Alternative pathways to 2050. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
- Gadzama, I. U. (2024a). Evaluation of fresh microalgae in ruminant nutrition: impact on rumen fermentation, productive performance and meat quality. MPhil Thesis, School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383121676_Evaluation_of_fresh_microalgae_in_ruminant_nutrition_impact_on_rumen_fermentation_productive_performance_and_meat_quality
- Gadzama, I. U. (2024b). Influence of Rearing Substrate on Black Soldier Fly Larvae Nutritional Value for Animal Feed. Wikifarmer. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383121796_Influence_of_Rearing_Substrate_on_Black_Soldier_Fly_Larvae_Nutritional_Value_for_Animal_Feed
- Gadzama, I. U., Hoffman, L. C., Holman, B. W. B., Chaves, A. V., & Meale, S. J. (2024c). Effects of supplementing a feedlot diet with microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) on the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of lambs. Livestock Science, 288, 105552.
- Gadzama, I. U., Yashim, S. M., Abdu, S. B., Makun, H. J., Barje, P. P., & Achi, N. P. (2017). Feed intake, growth performance and nutrient digestibility in Friesian Bunaji calves fed soymilk based milk replacer. Journal of Animal Production Research, 29(2), 96-111.
- Gantner, V., Popović, V., Ćosić, M., & Gantner, R. (2022). The impact of the animal production sector on the environment. In Book of Abstracts, 5th International Scientific Conference" Village and Agriculture", 30 September October 2022, Bijeljina, Republic of Srpska, BiH (pp. 17-17). Bijeljina: Bijeljina Univerzitet.
- Gibb, D. J., Shah, M. A., Mir, P. S., & McAllister, T. A. (2005). Effect of Full-Fat Hemp Seed on Performance and Tissue Fatty Acids of Feedlot Cattle. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 85(2), 223–230.
- Gu, Q., Wu, D., Liu, B., Cai, X., Kuang, Z., Tan, Q., Yang, Q., Deng, H., Zhang, C., & Qin, G. (2025). Effect of Hemp Seed Oil on Milk Production, Milk Composition, Antioxidant Capacity, and Rumen Fermentation in Dairy Water Buffalo. Animals, 15(4), 514.
- Gurung, R., Ale, K. B., Abrahamsen, F. W., Moyer, K., Sawyer, J. T., & Gurung, N. K. (2028). Carcass Traits of Growing Meat Goats Fed Different Levels of Hempseed Meal. Animals, 18(9), 1500.
- He, Q., Zhang, Z., Tian, H., Wang, H., Lu, X., Deng, H., ... & Huang, J. (2025). Effects of partial replacement of soybean meal with hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) cake on the growth and meat quality in female three-yellow chickens. Poultry Science, 104(1), 104466.
- Irawan, A., Puerto-Hernandez, G. M., Ford, H. R., Busato, S., Ates, S., Cruickshank, J., Ranches, J., Estill, C. T., Trevisi, E., & Bionaz, M. (2024). Feeding spent hemp biomass to lactating dairy cows: Effects on performance, milk components and quality, blood parameters, and nitrogen metabolism. Journal of dairy science, 107(1), 258–277.
- Kasula, R., Solis, F., Shaffer, B., Connett, F., Barrett, C., Cocker, R., & Willinghan, E. (2021). Characterization of the Nutritional and Safety Properties of Hemp Seed Cake as Animal Feed Ingredient. International Journal of Livestock Production, 12(2), 53–63.
- Lanzoni, D., Skrivanova, E., Pinotti, L., Rebucci, R., Baldi, A., & Giromini, C. (2025). Effects of dietary hemp co-product inclusion on laying hens performances and on egg nutritional and functional profile. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 24(1), 2449445.
- Leson, G., Pless, P., Grotenhermen, F., Kalant, H., & ElSohly, M. A. (2001). Evaluating the impact of hemp food consumption on workplace drug tests. Journal of analytical toxicology, 25(8), 691–698.
- Majewski, M., & Jurgoński, A. (2021). The Effect of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Seeds and Hemp Seed Oil on Vascular Dysfunction in Obese Male Zucker Rats. Nutrients, 13(8), 2575.
- Mierliță, D., Santa, A., Pop, I. M., Vodnar, D. C., Man, S. M., Morar, R., & Mierliță, S. (2023). The Effect of Dietary Hemp Seed Supplementation on Milk Production and Fatty Acid Profile in Ewes under an Organic Farming System. Animals, 13(20), 3435.
- Mohamed, N., Slaski, J. J., Shwaluk, C., & House, J. D. (2024). Chemical Characterization of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)-Derived Products and Potential for Animal Feed. ACS Food Science & Technology, 4(1), 88–103.
- Muedi, H. T. H., Kujoana, T. C., Shai, K., Mabelebele, M., & Sebola, N. A. (2024). The use of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) on farm animal’s productivity, health and reproductive performance: a review. Animal Production Science, 64(4), 327–335.
- Parker, N. B., Bionaz, M., Ford, H. R., Irawan, A., Trevisi, E., & Ates, S. (2022). Assessment of spent hemp biomass as a potential ingredient in ruminant diet: nutritional quality and effect on performance, meat and carcass quality, and hematological parameters in finishing lambs. Journal of Animal Science, 100(9), skac263.
- Shariatmadari, F. (2023). Emergence of hemp as feed for poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal, 79(4), 769–782.
- Sin, J. E. V., Shen, P., Huang, L., Wu, Y., & Chan, S. H. (2024). Determination of Cannabinoids in Meat Products and Animal Feeds in Singapore Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods, 13(16), 2581.
- Tufarelli, V., Losacco, C., Tedone, L., Passantino, L., Tarricone, S., Laudadio, V., & Colonna, M. A. (2023). Hemp seed (Cannabis sativa L.) cake as sustainable dietary additive in slow-growing broilers: effects on performance, meat quality, oxidative stability and gut health. Veterinary Quarterly, 43(1), 1-12.
- Velten, S., Leventon, J., Jager, N., & Newig, J. (2015). What Is Sustainable Agriculture? A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 7(6), 7833–7865.
- Vonapartis, E., Aubin-Tam, M. E., Segura, R., & Akhtar, T. A. (2015). Seed composition of ten industrial hemp cultivars grown in Canada. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 39, 8–12.
- WHO (2003). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases: report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation. World Health Organization.
- Yashim, S. M., Gadzama, I. U., & Anene, D. O. (2017a). Nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of weaner rabbits as influenced by differently processed rattle box (Crotalaria retusa) leaf meal. Journal Animal Production Research, 29(1), 210-218.
- Yashim, S. M., Anene, D. O., & Gadzama, I. U. (2017b). Effect of sampling time on Haematological Characteristics of Weaner rabbits fed diets containing differently processed Crotalaria retusa Leaves. Nigerian Journal of Animal Science, 19(1), 192-202.
