Apple Plant Information and Most Popular Varieties

(Domesticated) Apples (Malus pumila, also called Malus domestica, M. sylvestris, and M. communis) have been cultivated for thousands of years, originating from the forests of Central Asia and now spread across the globe, becoming one of the most popular fruits. The apple tree is valued for its delicious fruits, cultural significance, historical relevance, and adaptability to various climates (hardiness zones 3 to 10). Its widespread is partly caused by the flexible and resilient apple tree. It can give fruits even below -30°C (-22°F). Nowadays, apple trees are cultivated in diverse climate conditions, ranging from the cold of Canada to the tropical climate of Africa. Consequently, apple trees do not always need optimum conditions to thrive. The trees are popular for adapting to their local conditions and yielding some fruits despite difficulties, provided the selection of variety is done rationally. About half of world apple production occurs in China, but apple trees are also cultivated in Australia, North and South America, Europe, North South Africa, and Japan. In the United States, apple trees are grown commercially, mainly in Washington, New York, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Virginia, California, North Carolina, Oregon, Ohio, and Idaho.

Apple Tree Information

Apple trees are deciduous trees in the Rosaceae family. Most apple varieties need a temperate climate with cold winters and warm summers. For optimal growth, apple trees prefer well-drained, slightly acidic soils and a sunny location.

Apple trees usually take 2 to 10 years to start bearing fruit (usually 3-6 years), depending on whether the tree was grown from seed or grafted, and can continue until the 35th-50th year of its age. The life cycle of an apple tree consists of several stages: bud development, blooming, fruit setting, and ripening. The pollination process is crucial, as apples are not self-pollinating and rely on bees or insects to transfer pollen between flowers. This means that if there isn’t any other apple tree close (80 feet or 25 m) to your backyard, you may have to plant at least 2 trees of different varieties to harvest fruits.

It reaches an average height of 16 feet (5 meters). Standard apple trees can reach 25-35 feet (7,5 – 10 m) or even more. Semi-dwarf and dwarf trees reach 6-20 feet (2-6 m). The blossoms are produced in spring. The fruits mature on shoots that are 2 or more years old. They mature in late summer or autumn, depending on the variety and the location. There are more than 7000 known cultivars.

Apple trees require specific growing conditions to produce healthy fruits and good production. These trees prefer deep, well-drained, loamy soil, ideally with a pH of 6.0 to 7.0. Although apple trees adapt to various soil types, poor drainage can lead to root rot, stunted growth, or disease susceptibility. To ensure successful fruit production, adequate sunlight (at least 6 hours per day) and sufficient water availability (rainfall or irrigation) are essential.

Pruning is an important practice in the growing process. It shapes the tree, improves air circulation inside the tree canopy, and maximizes sunlight exposure. Regular pruning helps manage the tree's size and balances fruit production and vegetative growth.

The Most Important and Popular Apple Varieties

There are thousands of apple varieties, each with distinct flavors, textures, and uses. Some apples are perfect for fresh eating, while others are better suited for cooking, baking, or making cider. Here are some of the most important apple varieties that have shaped the apple industry and are the most popular and preferred by consumers.

Red apple varieties

Red Delicious

Red Delicious is one of the most recognizable apple varieties, known for its deep red color and mildly sweet flavor. Originating in the U.S. in the late 1800s, this variety is primarily used for fresh consumption due to its juicy and slightly crisp texture. Its soft texture makes it less ideal for baking. Red Delicious apples grow best in regions with warm summers and mild winters.

Gala

Originating in New Zealand, Gala apples are a popular variety that has gained worldwide recognition. With their orange-red skin and mildly sweet flavor, they are often used for fresh consumption. Gala apples are known for their aromatic taste, crunchy texture, and versatility in various culinary applications. These trees are thriving in regions with moderate temperatures and plenty of sunshine. They are sensitive to frost during flowering, so they are best grown in areas with mild springs.

Braeburn

Braeburn apples were first developed and cultivated in New Zealand in the 1950s. They have a unique sweet-tart balanced flavor, with a firm, crisp texture that makes them excellent for eating fresh or using in cooking. Their flavor can be enhanced when baked or cooked. Braeburn apples prefer cool climates and can tolerate colder winters. However, they need sufficient sun exposure to develop their characteristic flavor.

Pink Lady

Known for its bright pink skin and balanced sweet-tart flavor, Pink Lady apples are a newer variety developed in Australia. They have a firm, crunchy texture and are often enjoyed fresh. Pink Lady apples also hold their shape well when baked, making them ideal for desserts like pies and crisps. Pink Lady apples need a long growing season with plenty of sunshine and warmth. They thrive in warmer climates with minimal frost risk in the spring.

Red-yellow or Multi-color apple varieties

Fuji

A favorite among consumers, Fuji have a bi-colored skin, typically with red and yellow stripes. This variety was first bred and cultivated in Japan in the 1930s. Fuji apples are generally suited to warmer climates, though they can also grow in temperate regions with long growing seasons. The warm days and cool nights help develop high sugar content. This makes them one of the sweetest apple varieties. Fuji apples have a dense, crisp texture and are great for both fresh consumption and baking.

Honeycrisp

Honeycrisp apples have quickly gained popularity due to their crisp texture and sweet-tart flavor. They are among the most expensive and premium apples on the market. The birth region for this variety is Minesota, and the trees prefer cooler climates. Their ability to withstand colder temperatures makes them popular in northern regions. Their flesh is juicy and crunchy, making them ideal for fresh eating. Honeycrisp apples are also known for their long shelf life, making them a favorite choice for growers and consumers.

Apple Plant Information and Most Popular Varieties

Jonagold

A cross between Jonathan and Golden Delicious apples, Jonagold combines the best of both varieties: a sweet, honey-like flavor with a hint of tartness. Its large size, juicy flesh, and crisp texture make it a versatile apple suitable for fresh consumption, baking, or making cider. Jonagold apples do well in temperate climates with well-drained, loamy soils. They require good sun exposure to develop their characteristic flavor.

Green apple varieties

Granny Smith

One of the most famous tart apple varieties, Granny Smith, originated in Australia in the mid-1800s. Its vibrant green skin and crisp flesh make it a popular choice for cooking and baking, especially in pies and tarts. It is well known for its sharper, tangy taste and is preferred by many for raw/fresh consumption. Granny Smith apples perform best in warmer regions with long growing seasons. They tolerate many soils and are highly resistant to pests and diseases.

Apple Plant Information and Most Popular Varieties

Yellow apple varieties

Golden Delicious

It is a popular variety known for its yellow skin and mild, sweet flavor. It is a versatile apple that can be eaten fresh or used in various recipes, from baking to making sauces. Its soft, tender texture also makes it suitable for salads. The trees of this variety grow well in warm, temperate climates with plenty of sunshine. They require a good and constant water supply and air circulation to prevent fungal infections.

Which are the most sweet apples?

Fuji and Gala apples are known for their high sugar content, which gives them a notably sweet flavor. Fuji's dense flesh makes it a standout variety for people who prefer sugary apples.

Which are the most crispy and juicy apples?

Varieties like Honeycrisp and Fuji are known for their crisp, juicy texture, which is highly prized for fresh eating. The high water content in these apples makes them refreshing and satisfying.

The Future of Apple Varieties

The apple industry continues to innovate by developing new apple varieties that cater to changing consumer preferences. In recent years, growers have focused on producing apples with better storage/self-life, disease resistance, and improved flavor. This innovation ensures that the Apple market remains diverse and competitive.