Optimizing Feed Particle Size for Poultry: Impact on Growth, Health, and Feed Efficiency

Isaac Mugweru

Researcher

7 min read
09/12/2024
Optimizing Feed Particle Size for Poultry: Impact on Growth, Health, and Feed Efficiency

Co-author: Ishaya Gadzama

Introduction 

Poultry farming plays a crucial role in providing a significant source of protein globally. Optimal feeding practices are essential to ensure high productivity and overall bird health. One critical aspect of these practices is the feed particle size, which significantly impacts nutrient digestibility and utilization in poultry (Ege et al., 2019). Larger feed particles can lead to uneven nutrient consumption due to segregation, potentially causing deficiencies and affecting overall growth and productivity (Massuquetto et al., 2018). Research indicates that the physical form of feed, including particle size, influences the efficiency of nutrient absorption. Coarse particles in poultry diets have been shown to improve gut motility and nutrient digestibility by enhancing the development of the gizzard, which in turn promotes better digestion and absorption of nutrients. (Zheng et al., 2020; Rubio et al., 2020; Moritz et al., 2022). In addition, feeding strategies that incorporate a mix of particle sizes can help optimize feed intake and reduce wastage. Moreover, the inclusion of larger feed particles has been associated with increased secretion of digestive enzymes, which further aids in nutrient absorption and overall bird performance. Implementing these feeding practices not only enhances the health and productivity of poultry but also contributes to the economic efficiency of poultry farming operations (Melo-Durán et al., 2020).

Effects of Feed Particle Size Segregation on Poultry 

poultry feed.PNG

Segregation

Larger particles can separate from smaller ones in a feed mixture, leading to uneven nutrient consumption. This segregation can result in nutrient deficiencies, as hens may not consume a balanced diet. 

poultry feed particle size.PNG

Digestibility

Grinding feed ingredients increases their surface area, enhancing the interaction with digestive enzymes. This process improves nutrient digestibility, allowing for better absorption and utilization of nutrients.

Performance

Research indicates that medium-sized corn particles are optimal for broiler performance. However, the effects of larger particle sizes on performance require further investigation. 

Feed Processing

Techniques such as pelleting and extrusion are employed to modify feed particle size. These methods enhance nutrient utilization by improving the physical characteristics of the feed, making it easier for birds to consume and digest.


Research on Feed Particle Size in Poultry

Several studies have explored the relationship between feed particle size and poultry performance. 

  • Ege et al. (2019) investigated the effects of particle size and feed form on laying hens, focusing on parameters such as egg quality, gastrointestinal tract characteristics, and nutrient digestibility. The study found that grinding cereals to a finer particle size (4-mm screen) improves feed conversion efficiency in laying hens compared to a coarser particle size (8-mm screen). This finer grind enhances nutrient digestibility and reduces the weight of digestive organs, contributing to better overall feed efficiency. However, while finer grinding improves feed conversion, it does not necessarily enhance egg production or quality. Therefore, using a 4-mm screen for grinding main cereals in laying hen diets is recommended for better feed conversion efficiency and economic production of the egg mass.
  • Rubio et al. (2020) studied the impact of corn particle size on broiler performance across different growth stages (starter, grower, finisher). The study indicates that broilers can tolerate coarser corn particles during the starter and grower periods without adverse effects on growth performance. However, during the finisher period, corn particle sizes greater than 1,644 µm can negatively impact feed conversion ratio. Therefore, it is recommended to use a corn particle size of up to 912 µm during the starter period and up to 1,779 µm during the grower period to facilitate the intake of coarser particles in subsequent phases. For the finisher period, maintaining a corn particle size below 1,644 µm is crucial to ensure optimal feed conversion efficiency.
  • Garcia et al. (2020) analyzed the influence of varying corn particle sizes on laying hen performance, egg quality, and intestinal morphology. The study found that feeding Hisex Brown laying hens with corn particle sizes up to 1085 μm does not adversely affect their performance or egg quality. However, there are indications that larger corn particle sizes may negatively impact the intestinal morphology of the hens. Therefore, while larger particle sizes can be used without compromising performance and egg quality, attention should be given to potential impacts on intestinal health.
  • Niu et al. (2023) examined the effect of corn grinding methods and particle size on nutrient digestibility in Chahua chickens. The study found that different grinding methods can significantly affect the particle size distribution of corn. Combining roller and hammer mills tends to produce a more uniform particle size for coarse particles, while the hammer mill alone is more effective for fine particles. Finely ground corn (700-900 µm) improves nutrient digestibility, particularly dry matter, apparent metabolizable energy, and crude protein (CP), in native chickens at week 12. However, increased particle size does not impact CP and amino acid digestibility at market age (week 19). Therefore, optimizing particle size through appropriate grinding methods can enhance nutrient utilization and overall feed efficiency in poultry., concluding that finer grinding improves nutrient absorption.

 

 

Optimal Particle Size Distribution for Poultry Feed                     

The ideal particle size distribution for poultry feed depends on the birds' physiological capabilities. Achieving a balance between grinding to enhance enzyme access and maintaining a size suitable for the birds' digestive systems is crucial for optimal nutrient utilization and overall health.

Optimal feed particle size is crucial for enhancing nutrient digestibility and overall performance in poultry. Research indicates that finer grinding of feed ingredients, such as using a 4-mm screen for cereals, improves feed conversion efficiency and nutrient digestibility in laying hens (Ege et al., 2019). However, while finer particles enhance feed efficiency, they do not necessarily improve egg production or quality.

For broilers, particle size tolerance varies across different growth stages. Coarser particles can be tolerated during the starter and grower periods without adverse effects on growth performance. However, during the finisher period, particle sizes greater than 1,644 µm negatively impact feed conversion ratio, suggesting the need to maintain particle sizes below this threshold for optimal efficiency (Rubio et al., 2020).

In laying hens, corn particle sizes up to 1085 μm do not adversely affect performance or egg quality, although larger particles may negatively impact intestinal morphology (Garcia et al., 2020). Therefore, while larger particle sizes can be used without compromising performance, attention should be given to potential impacts on intestinal health.

Different grinding methods significantly affect particle size distribution. Combining roller and hammer mills produces a more uniform particle size for coarse particles, while the hammer mill alone is more effective for fine particles. Finely ground corn (700-900 µm) improves nutrient digestibility, particularly dry matter, apparent metabolizable energy, and crude protein, in native chickens at week 12. However, increased particle size does not impact crude protein and amino acid digestibility at market age (Niu et al., 2023).

Conclusion: Best Practices for Feed Particle Size and Poultry Health

Achieving an optimal particle size distribution that balances enzyme access and suitability for the birds' digestive systems is essential for maximizing nutrient utilization and overall health in poultry. Implementing appropriate grinding methods and maintaining recommended particle sizes can enhance feed efficiency and contribute to the economic sustainability of poultry farming operations.

References

  • Alabama Cooperative Extension System (2021). Effects of Diet Particle Size on Poultry Performance. Retrieved from https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/farming/effects-of-diet-particle-size-on-poultry-performance/
  • Cambridge Core (2016). Particle size and feed form in broiler diets: impact on gastrointestinal tract development and gut health. Retrieved from https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-s-poultry-science-journal/article/particle-size-and-feed-form-in-broiler-diets-impact-on-gastrointestinal-tract-development-and-gut-health/FA8A8154CD27BD512E0D5570BA231923
  • Ege, G., Bozkurt, M., Koçer, B., Tüzün, A. E., Uygun, M., & Alkan, G. (2019). Influence of feed particle size and feed form on productive performance, egg quality, gastrointestinal tract traits, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of laying hens reared in enriched cages. Poultry Science, 98(9), 3787-3801.
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