Introduction
The impact of climate change on agricultural systems, especially livestock management, is becoming more significant. As climate variability increases, it's important to adapt cattle management practices to seasonal changes, particularly during dry seasons, to maintain livestock productivity and ensure food security. Dry seasons pose major challenges for cattle producers by reducing forage availability, straining water resources, and affecting overall herd health. This article explores practical strategies for improving cattle management during dry seasons, focusing on nutrition, water availability, herd health, and innovative practices.
Challenges of Managing Cattle During Dry Seasons
Dry seasons bring a multitude of problems for cattle farmers.
- Forage Scarcity: Limited rainfall drastically reduces both the amount and quality of available forage. This leads to nutritional deficiencies, resulting in weight loss and reduced milk production.
- Water Scarcity: As water sources dry up, cattle face increased stress and are more susceptible to disease.
- Heat Stress: High temperatures can cause heat stress, weakening the animals' immune systems, reducing productivity and even increasing mortality rates.
- Health Issues: Poor nutrition, stress, and environmental factors combine to compromise cattle's immune systems, making them more vulnerable to respiratory diseases caused by dust and parasitic infections that thrive in dry conditions.
Top Strategies for Cattle Management During Dry Seasons
How do farmers manage cattle during droughts?
Forage Management
Effective forage management is essential. Rotational grazing helps maintain pasture health and extends the grazing period, allowing pastures to rest and recover, and improving forage availability and quality. The use of drought-resistant forage species also provides essential nutrients during challenging periods.
Supplementation
Nutritional supplements are vital as the nutritional value of available forage reduces in dry seasons (Yashim et al., 2016; Gadzama et al., 2016). Mineral, vitamin, and high-energy supplements can bridge nutritional gaps, boosting immune function and maintaining overall productivity (Gadzama et al., 2024). According to a study on White Fulani calves in Nigeria, feeding regimens can significantly impact sustainable cattle production (Akinlade et al., 2024).
Water Management
Ensuring a constant supply of clean water is vital. Farmers can do this by installing water troughs, using rainwater harvesting, and making efficient use of existing water resources.
Herd Health
Proactive health measures, like vaccinations and routine vet check-ups, help reduce the risk of disease outbreaks. Implementing biosecurity practices, like isolating new animals and controlling visitor access, helps prevent the introduction of pathogens (Robertson, 2020; Mutimaamba and Gadzama, 2024).
Heat Stress Mitigation
Providing shade, ensuring good airflow, and using cooling systems such as sprinklers or fans can significantly reduce heat stress. Heat stress has a significant impact on cattle production (Gadzama, 2025). A modeling study found that heat stress will have significant impacts on cattle production in the 21st century (Thornton et al., 2022).
Technology Integration
Precision livestock tools, such as wearable sensors and remote health monitoring systems, can help farmers gather data on cattle behavior, health, and environmental conditions (Gadzama and Ray, 2024; Gadzama, 2025). This can help target interventions and make informed management decisions (Aquilani et al., 2022).
Record Keeping and Management
Detailed records are essential for making informed decisions, optimizing resources, and enhancing cattle welfare.
Breeding for Resilience
Selecting and breeding animals with traits that improve survival and adaptability to harsh conditions is vital. Opting for heat-tolerant breeds or those with lighter coats can help cattle stay cooler in high temperatures. Prioritizing disease-resistant animals also enhances herd resilience.
Community Collaboration
Collaborative efforts, such as forming cooperatives, allow farmers to share knowledge and resources, improving herd management during dry seasons. Understanding collaboration in short food supply chains and collaborative relationships can be beneficial to farmers (Stoeva et al., 2024).
Implications for Livestock Production
The effects of climate change on livestock, particularly during dry seasons, have major implications for animal agriculture. These include:
- Reduced Productivity: Heat stress and poor nutrition, significantly affect the amount of milk and meat produced by cattle.
- Increased Costs: Farmers may need to invest more in feed supplements, water supply infrastructure, and veterinary care.
- Food Security: The impact on cattle productivity may lead to decreased food availability and increased food prices for consumers
- Need for Adaptation: The necessity of adopting innovative and sustainable strategies to cope with climate change is vital for the livestock sector.
Conclusion
Managing cattle during dry seasons requires a multifaceted approach. Farmers can ensure the well-being of their cattle and enhance productivity even in adverse climatic conditions by integrating strategies such as optimal feeding, effective health, environmental management, and suitable technology. The optimal combination of approaches may vary depending on the specific production system and appropriate technology.
References
- Akinlade, J. A., Aderinola, O. A., Ojoawo, O. T., & Adekanmbi, A. D. (2024). Enhanced sustainable cattle production: A comprehensive study on the impact of feeding regimens on White Fulani calves in Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 1748–1751. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.vi.7293
- Aquilani, C., Confessore, A., Bozzi, R., Sirtori, F., & Pugliese, C. (2022). Review: Precision livestock farming technologies in pasture-based livestock systems. Animal, 16(1), Article 100429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100429
- Gadzama, I. U. (2025). Virtual fencing for livestock management: Effects on cattle behavior, welfare, and productivity. Wikifarmer. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388036239_Virtual_Fencing_for_Livestock_Management_Effects_on_Cattle_Behavior_Welfare_and_Productivity
- Gadzama, I. U. (2025). Heat stress in dairy cows: A growing concern. Wikifarmer. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/388038453_Heat_Stress_in_Dairy_Cows_A_Growing_Concern
- Gadzama, I. U., & Ray, S. (2024). Precision livestock farming in pasture-based dairy systems: Monitoring grazing behavior. Wikifarmer Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385053381_Precision_Livestock_Farming_in_Pasture-Based_Dairy_Systems_Monitoring_Grazing_Behavior
- Gadzama, I. U., Malcolm, J., & Malcolm, C. (2024). Mineral composition in black soldier fly larvae: A promising alternative to fishmeal and soybean meal in livestock feed. In Proceedings of the 35th Biennial Conference of the Australian Association of Animal Sciences and the 20th Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies, 35, 334-335.
- Gadzama, I. U., Mohammed, I. D., Yashim, S. M., Abdu, S. B., & Ereke, S. O. (2016). Quality assessment of Dusa-rice bran multi-nutrient block (DRMB) in a semi-arid environment of north east Nigeria. Journal of Animal Production Research, 28(1), 33-48.
- Mutimaamba, V. A., & Gadzama, I. U. (2024). Swine biosecurity: Essential practices for disease prevention and herd health. Wikifarmer. Retrieved from
- Robertson, I. D. (2020). Disease control, prevention and on-farm biosecurity: The role of veterinary epidemiology. Engineering, 6(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.10.004
- Thornton, P., Nelson, G., Mayberry, D., & Herrero, M. (2022). Impacts of heat stress on global cattle production during the 21st century: A modelling study. The Lancet Planetary Health, 6(3), e192-e201. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00002-X
- Stoeva, S., Van Gompel, R., Van den Bossche, L., Rogge, E., Slavova, P., Grivins, M., & Mileiko, I. (2024). Understanding collaboration in short food supply chains: a focus on collaborative relationships, interaction mechanisms and relational benefits. Agricultural and Food Economics, 12(1), 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40100-024-00344-4
- Yashim, S., Gadzama, U. I., & Fwangtu, P. I. (2016). Comparative evaluation of nutritive value of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) haulms in the diet of red Sokoto goats. Adamawa state university. Journal of Agricultural Science, 4(1), 134-144.