销售、贸易和运输可可豆

将可可出售给当地加工公司或国际研磨商。加纳可可理事会(协调可可生产部门的机构)的新数据显示,可可原料加工成其他产品的比例从30%增加到34%左右。加纳政府计划将大约50%的可可加工成巧克力和可可饮料等精炼产品。其中不符合国际要求的可可豆通常卖给当地的研磨公司。加纳的可可研磨行业由少数跨国公司和前国有可可加工公司(CPC)主导。瑞士的百乐嘉利宝(Barry Callebaut)、美国的嘉吉(Cargill)和加纳奥兰加工有限公司(OLAM Processing Ghana Ltd)在争夺产业最大份额,其产能分别为6.7万吨、6.5万吨和4.3万吨。

表4:20 20年加纳可可加工公司名单、安装和利用能力(吨)

标号公司生产能力          利用能力
1.可可加工公司CPC64,500.0028,486.17
2.百乐嘉利宝67,000.0056,935.00
3.BD 联合公司32,000.0032,535.24
4.利基50,000.0046,425.73
5.可可图东30,000.0028,289.46
6.嘉吉65,000.0075,426.00
7.奥兰43,000.0034,733.00
8.普莱特32,000.0015,357.99
9.沃叩55,000.009,296.26
10.真实产品30,000.00
11.热带15,000.00
 总共483,500.00327,484.85

来源COCOBOD

供应链

可可行业100%由COCOBOD监管,LBC通过两种方式将可可产品交付给COCOBOD:

主要交付

LBCs使用自己的车辆或外包拖拉机/卡车将可可从村庄/农场门口运送到地区仓库或中心。

二次交付

可可产品从地区仓库或中心运输到被称为接管中心的指定交付中心。为了缓解从农场大门到仓库(或接管中心)的卡车拥堵,需要将交付数量发布给LBC,以规范每个LBC每天发送到任何接管中心的指定卡车数量。

邀请质量控制部门(QDC)检查咖啡豆的质量,并确保其符合监管政策。在可可被移交给可可营销公司(CMC)后,lbc会收到可可接管收据(CTORs)。

为了确保他们的产品按时到达COCOBOD, lbc之间的竞争相对较为激烈。

奖励机制的计算和向可可种植者分配奖金可能是影响可可链内价格稳定和公平的最具创新性的制度安排。财政部表示,在农民不受价格下跌的影响的情况下,只有生产者价格的正向调整是可能的。

关于可可交易,必须明确区分实体市场与期货/远期市场。几乎所有来自原产国的可可都是通过实体市场销售的。实体市场包括大多数人在讨论商品交易时通常想到的交易类型。可可营销渠道的结构和长度在一个生产国内部各地区不同,而且在生产国之间也不同。一方面,可可农和出口商之间的营销渠道至少包括两个中间商:小商贩和批发商。小商贩会直接从农民那里购买可可豆。之后,小买家把咖啡豆卖给批发商,批发商再转卖给出口商。在其次,可可豆也通过农民合作社出售给出口商,甚至由合作社直接出口。前者是加纳目前的典型交易情况,在加纳,可可销售通过至少两个中间商向国际可可市场进行销售,即lbc和COCOBOD的子公司CMC。

出口港口

可可豆到达出口港口后会被储存在仓库中,进行分级,然后装上货船。仓库使用水泥地板有不易燃,没有裂缝或缝隙从而没有昆虫隐藏在仓库的可能性。为了避免洪水蔓延仓库因此需要设施使水排走,仓库的地面高度在理想情况下应该高于附近的地形。由于可可豆的水分含量高且质量差异大,可可豆有时在工厂需要进行处理,这些工厂大部分位于港口仓库。手工或机械调理咖啡豆的过程也用于组合不同质量水平的咖啡豆过程中。

可可分级

生产和消费可可的国家有不同的可可分级制度。全球两大可可贸易组织——可可商业联合会(FCC)和美国可可商人协会(CMAA)已经建立了在实体市场上发展的标准。例如,FCC将可可豆分为两个等级:发酵良好的可可豆和发酵适中的可可豆。在发酵良好的可可豆样品中,其霉菌含量低于5%、板岩含量低于5%、异物含量低于1.5%。在一个发酵适中的可可豆样品中,其霉菌含量低于10%、板岩含量低于10%、异物含量低于1.5%。所谓的切割测试就是用来进行这些数据测试的。在这种测试中,会将指定数量或重量的可可豆从指定数量或重量中计算出来,在从其中间纵向分割后评估它们。发霉、板岩、虫蛀、发芽或豆干扁的数量分别计算。

航运

可可豆被分级后会装上货船,用新鲜的黄麻袋或散装运输。由于这样做可以比标准的黄麻袋运输便宜三分之一,近年来散装运输可可豆受到了欢迎。所谓的“超大散装”方式是将散装可可豆装入集装箱或货舱。最大的可可加工商经常使用后一种模式进行运输。

可可期货合约

在未来的预定时间和地点交付或接收指定数量和质量的可可豆的相关承诺被称为可可期货合约。通常,可可期货合约是用来降低不利价格变化的风险,而不是用来保证可可豆的供应。所有的合同条件都是统一的和预先确定的。因此,除了交割时间外,可可期货合约是可以互换的。可可期货合约目前可以在ICE美国期货(纽约)、ICE欧洲期货(伦敦)和CME欧洲(伦敦)进行交易。

在2015年3月之前,只有英镑和美元被用于可可期货合约报价。尽管全球三分之一的可可产量在欧元区进行加工,但近一半的交易可可来自Côte科特迪瓦、喀麦隆和多哥(其货币与欧元挂钩)。因此,2015年3月相关部门推出了以欧元计价的新合约,减少了可可贸易对冲外汇风险的需求。可可期货合约目前支持这三种货币进行交易。

这些受监管的市场不仅提供了连接买卖双方所需的基础设施和交易平台。它们还建立和执行具体规则,以确保交易在自由流动的市场中进行。因此,所有买卖必须通过交易所的“清算所”使用订单输入交易系统以电子方式提交。正因为如此,交易所的清算所同时充当所有卖方和买方的买方。

期货市场的参与者可以分为两类:商业(即对冲者)和非商业交易者(即投机者)。商业交易员是在期货市场上进行平衡交易的市场参与者,目的是防止或尽量减少现金市场的潜在损失。相比之下,非商业交易商将自己的资金置于风险之中,通过交易他们并不生产或使用产品的期货,但他们希望可以从价格波动中进行获利。

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( Dohmen, et al. 2018)  Temperature changes, drought, and prolonged dry season affect the flavor and overall quality of the product

(Neilson, 2007) Unlike Farmers in West Africa, Cocoa farmers in Latin America tend to ferment the cocoa pulp surrounding the beans using wooden boxes. In Indonesia, farmers rarely take part in the fermentation process because their production is valued mostly for cocoa butter which is unaffected by fermentation

可可树的品种选择与繁殖

可可的土壤要求和具体种植措施

可可树的用水需求和灌溉

可可的肥料施用——营养需求

可可树的相关植物保护——主要环境压力及病害

可可的收获、处理和储存

销售、贸易和运输可可豆

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