可可的肥料施用——营养需求

可可的肥料施用——营养需求
可可树

Benjamin Akane

名专门研究加纳可可树的农学家

分享一下吧。

现代可可种植目的旨在最大限度地提高其早期生长,以实现高初始产量和后期持续的产量峰值。为了实现这一目标,人们必须很好地了解影响可可生长和产量的因素,并根据可可作物的要求及时实施必要的管理措施。大多数可可种植情况都包括高化肥使用量。然而,可可的农艺措施比其他作物(如油棕)复杂得多,因其营养需求与其他农艺因素(如荫凉、种植密度、病虫害等)之间有很强的相互作用。因此,为了获得高产,这些因素不应成为限制因素。

可可树生长在亚马逊丛林一楼的原始栖息地,因其环境较为荫凉导致生长缓慢,产量非常低。在这种情况下,可可对营养的需求可能很低。可可在生长和产量过程中会吸收养分。其营养物质可以在植物中固定,或在植物成熟时作为凋落叶中进行回收,其营养物质随着从田间取出的豆荚一起向外输出。

其种植管理因素、土壤、气候以及生长和产量所需营养物质的有效性都会决定可可的生长和产量潜力。因此,为了准确评估其养分需求,需要在当前土壤和气候条件下对生长和产量潜力进行良好评估,并进行预期的种植管理投入。

最重要的管理因素可能是:

  • 影响产量潜力和生长的种植品种
  • 营养吸收特性
  • 影响幼苗质量、早期生长和产量的苗圃措施
  • 遮阳系统与大多数其他因素相互作用非常强,因此会决定其之后的生长和产量
  • 杂草控制措施,影响养分和土壤水分的竞争程度
  • 决定总产量和固定养分的植物密度
  • 病虫害会影响干物质总量和生长速度,进而影响营养需求

遮荫制度和使用的遮荫树的类型是至关重要的,因为可可的生长速度显著地受到遮荫树的影响。例如,在可可/椰子种植系统中,与具有固氮遮荫树(如Gliricidia)的单可可相比,其与遮荫树的竞争程度可能非常显著。一般来说,施肥对轻度遮荫的可可树比重度遮荫的种植园有更显著的积极影响。

影响养分需求的最重要气候因素可能是降雨,因为降雨会影响土壤湿度;而温度会影响其整体生长;以及水分胁迫和有效光照的程度决定了植物可用于干物质生产的能量,也影响了植物对土壤水分的需求。

土壤是第三个关键因阿关系因素。土壤为植物提供和储存水分和养分的能力,它也作为根系生长的介质和以及影响根系活动,这些反过来又决定了它利用土壤水分和养分的能力,因此这些都是可以测量和确定单个土壤特性的因素。

一个地区的可可生长和产量潜力是由上述参数决定的。因此,农民必须估计可可植物生长和产量所需的营养物质。目前几位作者(Thong和Ng(1978)和Teo和Chew(1984))估算了可可的营养需求。其结果是根据当前生长条件下的生长和产量预期得出的。然而,做出这些相关前期计算也是至关重要的一个种植步骤,它可以量化必要的营养物质和植物吸收的重要营养物质。

一般在第一年,农民可以在种植前施肥一次,在可可幼苗长出2-3对叶子后每2个月补充施肥一次(可以使用12:24:12 N-P-K肥)。此后,直到植物生长3年,可可种植者可以每年两次,每棵树施用0.2公斤或0.5磅的30:10:10氮磷钾肥料。最后,在可可已达到繁殖成熟的可可树时应每年两次,且每棵树接受0.4-1.2公斤(1-3磅)16:8:24的NPK肥。(1)除了三种基本营养素(N、P、K),可可树还需要其他一些微量营养素,如Ca、Mn、Mg和Zn。所有微量营养素将作为颗粒在地面上进行施用,并应放置在距离树干1米(3.3英尺)的圆圈中(灌溉或手动混合肥料)。

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( Dohmen, et al. 2018)  Temperature changes, drought, and prolonged dry season affect the flavor and overall quality of the product

(Neilson, 2007) Unlike Farmers in West Africa, Cocoa farmers in Latin America tend to ferment the cocoa pulp surrounding the beans using wooden boxes. In Indonesia, farmers rarely take part in the fermentation process because their production is valued mostly for cocoa butter which is unaffected by fermentation

可可树的品种选择与繁殖

可可的土壤要求和具体种植措施

可可树的用水需求和灌溉

可可的肥料施用——营养需求

可可树的相关植物保护——主要环境压力及病害

可可的收获、处理和储存

销售、贸易和运输可可豆

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