可可的土壤要求和具体种植措施

可可的土壤要求和具体种植措施
可可树

Benjamin Akane

名专门研究加纳可可树的农学家

分享一下吧。

可可树可以在多种土壤上进行种植。可可树比许多其他热带植物更容易受到水分胁迫的影响。此外,可可树还会遭受内涝的影响(Anim-Kwapong & Frimpong, 2005)。虽然,对它们来说,洪水不是问题,但迟缓或积水的条件才是问题的关键。可可种植至少需要1.5米(5英尺)的深度种植坑。可可树生长在腐殖质丰富的土壤中。其根系可以很容易地穿透适当的土壤,即使在干旱季节也能保持水分,让空气和水分不受阻碍地通过。可可树最上层的15厘米(45英寸)土壤至少需要含有3.5%的有机物质和大约2%的碳元素。可可在pH值为6至7.5、富含必需营养素和微量元素的土壤中可以生长旺盛(Anim Kwapong和Frimpong, 2005)。根据对适宜种植可可的土壤剖面分析,且主要的物理特征是深层易碎壤土、粘土和砂壤土。这些土壤剖面具有较低的阳离子交换容量(CEC),由于有机质的大量积累和随后的分解,在最上层的交换容量最高。可可树平常需要高降雨量和高温度(白天30摄氏度、夜间24摄氏度)来生长。雨林树木能给可可树提供荫凉,保护它免受过多的光和风的伤害。由于可可种植对气候很敏感,因此它只能在赤道北纬20度和南纬20度之间的狭窄地带生长。加纳旱季可可种植的土壤湿度限制是可变的,并且取决于许多因素(包括树荫、空气流动、土壤质地和结构、可可树的年龄和活力、活跃根系的体积和分布,以及田间条件下的生根深度)。在确定土壤湿度是否适合可可种植时,考虑有效水分从土壤输送到树木的速率是至关重要的一步(Ahenkorah, 1981)。种植过程中有许多因素都导致其产量低,包括土壤肥力、干旱和种植材料质量等技术挑战,以及病虫害。

可可树的种植距离

关于可可株间的间距有很多不同的看法。在加纳,它生长在相对较近的种植距离:6或7英尺(1.8-2米)。Van Hall(ii)指出,在苏里南和南美洲热带地区,可可树通常可以种植在15-24英尺(4.5-7.3米)的地方。但关于这一研究问题的实验工作很少。Freeman(5)描述了特立尼达River Estate的一个种植方法,其中四个地块的种植间距分别为12、14、16和18英尺(3.6、4.3、4.9和5.5米)。研究发现,直到第6年,12英尺(3.6米)的种植间距产量最高,但随后被14英尺(4.3米)的种植间距种植的可可树产量超过。

Russell(7)和Kowal(6)报道了尼日利亚的种植间隔实验。Russell得出结论,在每英亩种植800-1100棵树(每公顷2000 – 2750棵树)的范围内,每英亩产量几乎不会受到间距的影响,但如果施用过大的间距会导致其产量下降。Kowal还表明,平均湿豆重和荚果数随林分密度的降低而增加,但在低种植密度却不足以提高单株产量。然而,该实验中的可可树产量远低于其品种产量潜力,并且在次优条件下会明显增长(Cunningham, 3)。

印度尼西亚的Van der Knapp(10)报告称,种植间隔为4×2 米(13 x 6.6英尺)可可的头三年产量高于种植4×5 米(13×16.4英尺)或4×8米(13×26.3英尺)的可可产量。

在加纳种植可可的小农通常更喜欢种植香蕉和一些水果,并且很少或不使用化肥[1]。加纳南部的这些小农大多采用Cocobod推荐的低种植密度(LDP)进行可可种植,其间距为3.0×3.0米(10×10英尺),而一些成熟的商业农民则选择2.5×2.5米(8×8英尺)的间距,并作为单一栽培方式种植可可。香蕉在早期传统上可以在可可后进行播种,但一些经济作物(如红木、橙子和油棕),有时也与可可一起种植。然而,一些经济树木,如梨,非洲星苹果、非洲芒果以及一些非经济树木也被允许与可可植物一起生长,还为农场提供阴凉和额外的收入来源。小农农场的可可产量为每公顷250至400公斤(223-357磅/英亩),而使用更多投入的大型现代农场的产量为每公顷400至700公斤(357-625磅/英亩)。这种产量还取决于其种植的品种和农场的管理,因为农民有时没有正确使用无机杀菌剂,这可能导致黑豆荚病[14]导致产量损失高达40%。在其他国家已经进行了几次试验,以充分证明高密度林分比传统低密度林分的优势。Gutierrez[5]报告了哥伦比亚高密度种植(HDP)下较高单位面积产量之间的直接线性正相关关系。相比之下,还有报告称[17],在马来西亚采用HDP技术建立的种植园中,其每公顷可可豆干重增加,并且[12]发现在特立尼达和多巴哥采用HDP技术的可可每公顷产量表现更好。在加纳,经过20世纪70年代的几次试验,加纳可可研究所(CRIG)推荐了3种种植间距:2.5×2.5米(8.2×8.2英尺)、3.0×3.0米(9.8×9.8英尺)和3.1×3.1米(10.2×10.2英尺)。最常用的2种系统是前2种,其每公顷可以分别种植1600棵和1111棵树(每英亩640棵和444棵)。然而,在建立可可园初期需要确保可持续可可生产的研究工作,这也被认为是朝着正确方向迈出的一步,并且对于年幼的可可树在田间的生存和农民收入的提高至关重要[1]。鉴于各种发展项目,其劳动力逐渐从农村向城市地区转移,以及考虑到加纳南部耕地的竞争,显然农民必须齐心协力,有效利用资源,以提高可可种植的生产力。加纳南部可可的未来将取决于可可单产的优化,而不是获得大面积的耕种面积,这就需要探索和应用HDP战略在该国[12]可可的生产中。该试验旨在确定可有效种植可可树的最高林分密度,从而在加纳西部实现最高的每公顷经济产量。

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( Dohmen, et al. 2018)  Temperature changes, drought, and prolonged dry season affect the flavor and overall quality of the product

(Neilson, 2007) Unlike Farmers in West Africa, Cocoa farmers in Latin America tend to ferment the cocoa pulp surrounding the beans using wooden boxes. In Indonesia, farmers rarely take part in the fermentation process because their production is valued mostly for cocoa butter which is unaffected by fermentation

可可树的品种选择与繁殖

可可的土壤要求和具体种植措施

可可树的用水需求和灌溉

可可的肥料施用——营养需求

可可树的相关植物保护——主要环境压力及病害

可可的收获、处理和储存

销售、贸易和运输可可豆

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