可可树的相关植物保护——主要环境压力及病害
在未来30年，全球可可种植面积预计将减少20-30%。这主要是由气候变化引起，其是因为可可树很难在的目前这么热、干燥的环境中继续生存。
当可可幼苗长到4-6个月大时，通常需要把它们移栽在地里。幼树很脆弱，因此需要保护它们免受强烈的阳光和风的伤害。通常情况下，将幼苗放置在母树附近可以提供一定的保护。此外，这种高达树木的阴影有助于限制其树苗的高度，使其易于维护和进行收获。其他作物如香蕉、大蕉、椰子或橡胶通常都可以作为遮荫树。一旦可可树形成了一个完整的树冠，遮阳树就可以被移除，但为了防止害虫和水分胁迫，一些遮阳物应该留在原地。
当树苗成长时，可可苗圃内应保持无杂草；然而，一旦树木长成完整树冠，通常就不再需要再进行除草了，因为树冠下已经没有给予杂草更多的生长空间了。我们还建议种植者需要时而对椰子树施肥，特别是当在无保护的地区或贫瘠的土壤中种植时。由于有机肥能保持土壤结构，而且不会消耗土壤中的有机成分，因此有机肥料通常比无机肥料更受欢迎。虽然由于一些因素（如树龄和遮阳量）会影响其所需的肥料量，但成熟的可可通常需要至少50至100公斤/公顷的氮、25公斤/公顷的磷、75公斤/公顷的钾和15公斤/公顷的硫元素。
根据我的研究，农林复合是帮助可可树适应气候变化和防止新建立的可可产区更多森林砍伐的一个很好的方法。然而，使用这个措施必须谨慎，因为选择的遮荫树种必须满足农民的要求和当地的环境。
人们会挑选适当的遮荫树作为应对气候变化有害影响的关键技术手段，如拉丁美洲常用的刺桐、印加树或毒鼠豆，或加纳的榄仁树、艳丽榄仁树或红木。
遮荫树可以保护可可树免受高温和水分的胁迫，并为可可树的生长创造有利条件。其他好处包括：
- 其修剪过的落叶和落叶残留物可以增加土壤肥力。它们可以循环养分，并向土壤中添加有机物含量。
- 由于落叶覆盖土壤，可以使得地表径流减少，从而促进土壤侵蚀减少。
- 通过改善传粉者的环境来增加树木的传粉。
- 改善天敌栖息地，并改善病虫害生物管理。
农户还从农林业的使用中可以获得经济利益。种植户有各种各样的收入来源，因为他们可以从果树、薪材和木材中获得利益。
永久性的树荫可以以多种方式维护可可种植园：减少原始森林的树冠层，保留有用的森林树木；
- 使用果树和木本植物
- 保护那些自发生长的无价树木
可可种植园会受到各种病虫害的影响。据估计，每年有30-40%的全球可可产量因病虫害影响而减少（Basso等人，2012年）。虫害和疾病是加纳可可生产中最大的问题之一。影响加纳可可的主要疾病包括：可可膨大芽状病毒病（CSSVD）；黑荚病（由棕榈疫霉引起）和有毒衣壳/粟粒（Skate）害虫（Distantiella theobroma）。自从发现CSSVD以来，其唯一的治疗方法就是砍伐掉受影响的可可树（Acquah, 1999）。通过可可树研究部门提供的证据表明，在1945-1990年期间，由于CSSVD的攻击，以及估计损失了10万公顷（247105英亩）的可可树生产能力（Amoah, 1998）。可可蜜粒也被称为衣壳虫，它是一种以可可茎和豆荚为食的昆虫或害虫。Amoah（1998）估计由于衣壳虫侵害造成的作物损失每年占世界作物产量的20%。尽管有大量的研究可以根除这种疾病，但目前使用的主要控制措施是向可可农场喷洒各种杀虫剂，以进行防控。
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( Dohmen, et al. 2018) Temperature changes, drought, and prolonged dry season affect the flavor and overall quality of the product
(Neilson, 2007) Unlike Farmers in West Africa, Cocoa farmers in Latin America tend to ferment the cocoa pulp surrounding the beans using wooden boxes. In Indonesia, farmers rarely take part in the fermentation process because their production is valued mostly for cocoa butter which is unaffected by fermentation
可可树的相关植物保护——主要环境压力及病害
