可可树的用水需求和灌溉

可可树的用水需求和灌溉
可可树

Benjamin Akane

名专门研究加纳可可树的农学家

分享一下吧。

加纳年平均降雨量高达 78–216 厘米(31–85 英寸),并且大部分年份分布不均,再加上其地表的高蒸发蒸腾和地表径流损失,这意味着作物以及表层土壤可能水分不足。因此,农作中带有压力调节滴头的滴灌措施是首选,因为它可以高效地将接近作物消耗需求的少量水直接喷到生根区。

鉴于可可对干旱气候的敏感性,令人惊讶的是,很少有相关灌溉实验,但考虑到其商业规模灌溉的可能性有限,这也许并不令人惊讶。Murray(1961)在特立尼达进行了相关实验。然而,因其在旱季施用和监测水量方面存在问题,这意味着五年多来获得的结果(灌溉没有持续的产量优势)几乎没有价值。干旱季节大气湿度低可能是实验的限制因素。加纳的一项灌溉实验也因设计不良(被认为是一个弱点)而受到影响,这意味着数据无法进行统计分析。在1960-1962年,通过保持土壤接近田间容量,成熟的甜瓜形厚皮种可可树的产量分别提高了12%、17%和40%,但这些增加比预期的要少;这又一次被认为是由于“干燥空气”对其的约束(Hutcheon et al., 1973)。Côte d’ivoire, Jadin和Jacquemart(1978)比较了两种灌溉方法(喷灌和滴灌)与不灌溉的对照处理对幼可可生长和产量的影响。当测量到土壤水分亏缺达到20毫米(0.78英寸)时进行喷灌,而当土壤水张力在0.20米(7.8英寸)深度达到20 kPa时进行滴灌。由于在灌溉计划上的部分差异,在旱季,用洒水器(535毫米或21英寸)比用滴灌(224毫米或8.8英寸)多得多。灌溉措施(特别是滴灌)可以加快可可的发育速度,并增加了花的数量,提高了产量,但不会影响生长周期的周期性。后来Huan等人(1986)报道了在马来西亚半岛进行的一项未重复的农田灌溉试验的结果。在可可669号试验品满足干旱期(两周不下雨)需水量后,每天对沿海庄园(海洋粘土)的0.5公顷(1.2英亩)混合杂交幼苗进行补充灌溉(滴灌),除非是在降雨量达到5毫米(0.2英寸)或以上的日子里,或者实际上正在下雨时不需要补充。类似的0.5公顷(1.2英亩)地块作为不灌溉的对照。其实验持续了将近三年(1981-1983)。1982年,每年的干豆产量从1500公斤/公顷(1338磅/英亩)增加到2400公斤/英亩(+60%),1983年从1150公斤/公顷(1026磅/英亩)增加到1450公斤/英亩(+28%)。随后豆荚数(平均+39%)和豆重(+7%)也发生了增加。但水的用量却没有在实验中具体说明。这些结果只能被认为是该地点对灌溉的响应的一个指示,并具有有限的参考价值。Moser等人(2010年)在印度尼西亚报告的模拟El Niño干旱实验(见上文根和作物需水量)中,在对照处理和降雨减少70-80%的处理之间,可可叶、茎和树枝木材或细根生物量产量(地上和地下)没有显著差异,即使土壤剖面在一年中干燥到永久枯萎点。相比之下,全年干豆产量从740±180公斤/公顷减少到670±30公斤/公顷(660±161磅/英亩至600±27磅/英亩)(与最佳商业产量相比,产量都很低),后期收获比早期收获受到的影响更大。提出了在净生物量生产方面对干旱反应有限的可能原因。其中包括根系的主动渗透调节(测量),两种处理的高大气湿度,以及通过Gliricidia遮阳来缓解干旱。与上述试验相反,Hutcheon (1981b)总结的一项实验的主要实际目标是找出灌溉是否会诱导Amelonado树在整个旱季开花,以产生用于加纳种子园人工授粉的花粉。当花苞不断被去除时,尽管开花模式相同,灌溉的树木比未灌溉的树木多出30%的花。并且还发现使用树下洒水器(通过提高湿度来减少内部水分压力)比使用树下的微型洒水器没有任何好处。在厄瓜多尔的长达6个月旱季中,反复覆盖(用新鲜、潮湿的芭蕉假茎)缓解干旱改善了可可幼苗的生长(Orchard & Saltos, 1988年)。对种植者的灌溉方法的具体建议更难找到,但位于南印度喀拉拉邦的中央种植作物研究所给出了这篇答案(编辑过)。K。卡尔(V. CARR)和洛克伍德(G. LOCKWOOD)对印度南部一些地区可可生产者提出了一些建议(这些地区可能会出现持续三到六个月的长时间干旱天气)(CPCRI, 2010): “夏季每隔一周灌溉一次(大概指的是一种作物)。当可可与槟榔混合种植时,应该在11月至12月每周灌溉一次,1月至3月每6天灌溉一次,4月至5月每4至5天灌溉一次,并且用水大约为175升一棵树。当每棵树每天滴灌20升水时,可可产量最高。例如,假设种植密度为每公顷1600棵树(640棵树/英亩)(2.5×2.5米或8.2×8.2英尺),这些数字相当于滴灌每天用水量5.6-7.0毫米(或0.22-0.27英寸)。虽然没有给出产量效益的估计,但也没有给出一个季节用水总量的估计,因此这一点尚不清楚。灌溉对许多农民来说仍然是一种奢侈的选择。它就像“蛋糕上的糖衣,只有在其他限制因素得到解决之后才会被考虑使用”。考虑到可可作为一种贸易商品在国际上的重要性,因此我们无论如何都不容易理解为什么如今可可的生产水平以及资源如此不足。

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( Dohmen, et al. 2018)  Temperature changes, drought, and prolonged dry season affect the flavor and overall quality of the product

(Neilson, 2007) Unlike Farmers in West Africa, Cocoa farmers in Latin America tend to ferment the cocoa pulp surrounding the beans using wooden boxes. In Indonesia, farmers rarely take part in the fermentation process because their production is valued mostly for cocoa butter which is unaffected by fermentation

可可树的品种选择与繁殖

可可的土壤要求和具体种植措施

可可树的用水需求和灌溉

可可的肥料施用——营养需求

可可树的相关植物保护——主要环境压力及病害

可可的收获、处理和储存

销售、贸易和运输可可豆

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