目前已经确定了三种常见的可可品种:Criollo、Forastero和Trinitario (Minimal等,2019)。其中,Forastero的口味比Criollo温和,并且它在西非和其他世界范围内作为主要用于可可生产的品种。Trinitario推测起源于特立尼达,并且是一种与Criollo和Forastero品种的杂交种(Somarriba和Lachenaud, 2013)。Criollo品种具有可可中口味最好的巧克力味,但其种植较为困难且易受疾病和害虫侵害。长期干旱以及病虫害问题威胁着许多种植区农民未来的可可产量。因此,培育具有更高水分利用效率(WUE)、更高产量和抗病虫害的新可可品种可以有助于解决这些问题,但这一育种过程十分缓慢,因为目前开发和测试改良可可品种还存在重大障碍。产量较高且较不易受环境影响的品种可能会增加农民通过扩大土地来增加产量的动机。

与其他做法相比,小农更有可能采用改良的种植材料进行种植,因为这个方法操作容易,而且农民一般也较熟悉作物的选择。农民在育种计划中的知识储备和参与度有助于对于更有活力和更成功的可可种植材料选择过程(Aikpokpodion等人,2003年)。目前可以让育苗园和小规模育种计划与其他气候智能型可可实践措施相结合,且其可能会提供最佳的产量并提高小农收入的稳定。高质量亲本之间的杂交也可能是增加抗性和产量的方法(Nair, 2010)。

一些作者认为,培育更具抗性的品种对未来提高产量至关重要(Vaast & Somarriba, 2014)。然而,进展缓慢的育种计划还没有给农民带来重大的大规模效益。Efron等人(2003年)指出,对抗病性、亲本杂交种杂合性的关注以及缺乏最佳育种实践的应用是育种进展的其中一个障碍。此外,小农还需要修剪整形和持续投入以提高改良可可品种的生产效率(Eskes, 2017)。可可树的性状遗传力较低,这意味着单株种植材料的选择往往不足(Eskes, 2017)。可可育种项目面临的另一个困难是存在相互冲突的目标。因为其育种有许多优先事项:味道、环境适应性、树形、豆荚大小、豆的特性等。

近几十年来,可可品种没有明显的改善,因此人们需要对抗病性和气候变化进行更多的研究(Nair, 2010)。评估可可产量的一个常见问题是对品种产量和抗性的分析:然而,实地研究是土地和劳动密集型的工作,特别是在寻找长期影响因素时。与其他作物相比,现代育种技术对可可的应用相对较新。对可可品种的研究应遵循一定的抗性评估标准和方法,以使研究和品种具有可比性(DuVal et al. 2017)。未来的育种计划还必须考虑环境变化、可可生产系统和农业实践。应通过种子园增加改良品种的可用性,并需要进一步对克隆技术进行更多的研究。建立区域可可中心可以促进适合当地条件的品种的开发,这些中心之间的信息交流将大大加快育种进展(Efron et al., 2003)。

如何繁殖可可

许多小农仍然使用从可可荚中提取的种子来繁殖他们的植物(1)。然而,正如上文所述,品种的纯度(这是种子繁殖的一个问题)是可可种植和产量降低的主要问题之一。然而,现在,像大多数热带果树一样,可可多用无性繁殖(克隆)。适合可可种植的无性繁殖方法主要有两种:贴片出芽和软木嫁接(2)。更具体地说,无性繁殖品种的嫁接正变得越来越普遍(Vaast和Somarriba, 2014),但需要农民接受适当的技术培训,并使用可以用于嫁接的改良品种。在哥斯达黎加和厄瓜多尔,荚果接种已被证明成功地提供了对念珠菌病的抗性(Eskes, 2017),但还需要在其他地区进行品种测试。如果要了解更多关于嫁接所需的步骤和设备、以及砧木和接穗材料的准备,请咨询当地的可可树推广中心(3)。

参考

  1. https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_plantation%20crops_cocoa.html
  2. https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_plantation%20crops_cocoa.html
  3. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/FN55.pdf

Abara, I. O., and Singh, S. (1993). Ethics and biases in technology adoption: The small-firm argument. Technological Forecasting and Social Change43(3-4), 289-300.

Adamu, C. O. (2018). Analysis of access to formal credit facilities among rural women farmers in Ogun State, Nigeria. Nigeria Agricultural Journal49(1), 109-116.

Adu-Asare, K. (2018). Cocoa farming business, financial literacy and social welfare of farmers in Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Coast).

Ahenkorah, Y. (1981). Influence of environment on growth and production of the cacao tree: soils and nutrition. In Actes, Douala, Cameroun, 4-12 Nov 1979/7 Conference internationale sur la recherche cacaoyere= Proceedings, Douala, Cameroun, 4-12 Nov 1979/7 International Cocoa Research Conference. Lagos, Nigeria: Secretary General, Cocoa Producers’ Alliance, 1981.

Akudugu, M. A., Guo, E., and Dadzie, S. K. (2012). Adoption of modern agricultural production technologies by farm households in Ghana: what factors influence their decisions?

Ali, E. B., Awuni, J. A., and Danso-Abbeam, G. (2018). Determinants of fertilizer adoption among smallholder cocoa farmers in the Western Region of Ghana. Cogent Food & Agriculture4(1), 1538589.

Ameyaw, G. A., Dzahini-Obiatey, H. K., and Domfeh, O. (2014). Perspectives on cocoa swollen shoot virus disease (CSSVD) management in Ghana. Crop Protection65, 64-70.

Aneani, F., Anchirinah, V. M., Owusu-Ansah, F., and Asamoah, M. (2012). Adoption of some cocoa production technologies by cocoa farmers in Ghana. Sustainable Agriculture Research1(1), 103.

Bonabana-Wabbi, J. (2002). Assessing factors affecting adoption of agricultural technologies: The case of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in Kumi District, Eastern Uganda (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech).

Danso-Abbeam, G., Addai, K. N., and Ehiakpor, D. (2014). Willingness to pay for farm insurance by smallholder cocoa farmers in Ghana. Journal of Social Science for Policy Implications2(1), 163-183.

Dormon, E. V., Van Huis, A., Leeuwis, C., Obeng-Ofori, D., and Sakyi-Dawson, O. (2004). Causes of low productivity of cocoa in Ghana: farmers’ perspectives and insights from research and the socio-political establishment. NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences52(3-4), 237-259.

Doss, C. R. (2006). Analyzing technology adoption using microstudies: limitations, challenges, and opportunities for improvement. Agricultural economics34(3), 207-219.

Giovanopoulou, E., Nastis, S. A., and Papanagiotou, E. (2011). Modeling farmer participation in agri-environmental nitrate pollution reducing schemes. Ecological economics70(11), 2175- 2180

Hailu, E., Getaneh, G., Sefera, T., Tadesse, N., Bitew, B., Boydom, A., … and Temesgen, T. (2014). Faba bean gall; a new threat for faba bean (Vicia faba) production in Ethiopia. Adv Crop Sci Tech2(144), 2.

International Cocoa Organization (ICCO), (2008). Manual on pesticides use in cocoa. ICCO Press releases of 10 June 2008 by ICCO Executive Director Dr. Jan Vingerhoets. International Cocoa Organization (ICCO), London.

Kehinde, A. D., and Tijani, A. A. (2011). Effects of access to livelihood capitals on adoption of European Union (EU) approved pesticides among cocoa producing households in Osun State, Nigeria. Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica54(1), 57-70.

Khanna, M. (2001). Sequential adoption of site‐specific technologies and its implications for nitrogen productivity: A double selectivity model. American journal of agricultural economics83(1), 35-51.

Kongor, J. E., Boeckx, P., Vermeir, P., Van de Walle, D., Baert, G., Afoakwa, E. O., and Dewettinck, K. (2019). Assessment of soil fertility and quality for improved cocoa production in six cocoa growing regions in Ghana. Agroforestry Systems93(4), 1455-1467.

Kumi, E., and Daymond, A. J. (2015). Farmers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of the Cocoa Disease and Pest Control Programme (CODAPEC) in Ghana and its effects on poverty reduction. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture7(5), 257-274.

MoFA, 2010. Production of major crops in Ghana, PPMED, Accra, 12 pp.

Namara, R. E., Horowitz, L., Nyamadi, B., and Barry, B. (2011). Irrigation development in Ghana: Past experiences, emerging opportunities, and future directions.

Nandi, R., and Nedumaran, S. (2021). Understanding the aspirations of farming communities in developing countries: a systematic review of the literature. The European Journal of Development Research33(4), 809-832.

Ngala, T. J. (2015). Effect of shade trees on cocoa yield in small-holder cocoa (Theobroma cacao) agroforests in Tabla, Centre Cameroon (Doctoral dissertation, Thesis, crop sciences. University of Dschang, Cameroon).

Ofori-Bah, A., and Asafu-Adjaye, J. (2011). Scope economies and technical efficiency of cocoa agroforesty systems in Ghana. Ecological Economics70(8), 1508-1518.

Ogunsumi, L. O., and Awolowo, O. (2010). Synthesis of extension models and analysis for sustainable agricultural technologies: lessons for extension workers in southwest, Nigeria. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America1(6), 1187-1192.

Okojie, L. O., Olowoyo, S. O., Sanusi, R. A., and Popoola, A. R. (2015). Cocoa farming households’ vulnerability to climate variability in Ekiti State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Agriculture and Apiculture Research11(1-2), 37-50.

Okyere, E., and Mensah, A. C. (2016). Cocoa production in Ghana: trends and volatility. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 5 (3), 462-471.

Opoku-Ameyaw, K., Oppong, F. K., Amoah, F. M., Osei-Akoto, S., and Swatson, E. (2011). Growth and early yield of cashew intercropped with food crops in northern Ghana. Journal of Tropical Agriculture49, 53-57.

Oyekale, A. S. (2012). Impact of climate change on cocoa agriculture and technical efficiency of cocoa farmers in South-West Nigeria. Journal of human ecology40(2), 143-148.

Wessel, M., and Quist-Wessel, P. F. (2015). Cocoa production in West Africa, a review and analysis of recent developments. NJAS: Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences74(1), 1-7.

World Bank (2011). Supply Chain Risk Assessment: Cocoa in Ghana. Ghana Cocoa SCRA Report.

World Bank. 2007. World development report 2007: Development and the next generation. Washington D.C.: World Bank.

Wossen, T., Berger, T., Mequaninte, T., and Alamirew, B. (2013). Social network effects on the adoption of sustainable natural resource management practices in Ethiopia. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology20(6), 477-483.

( Dohmen, et al. 2018)  Temperature changes, drought, and prolonged dry season affect the flavor and overall quality of the product

(Neilson, 2007) Unlike Farmers in West Africa, Cocoa farmers in Latin America tend to ferment the cocoa pulp surrounding the beans using wooden boxes. In Indonesia, farmers rarely take part in the fermentation process because their production is valued mostly for cocoa butter which is unaffected by fermentation

可可树的品种选择与繁殖

可可的土壤要求和具体种植措施

可可树的用水需求和灌溉

可可的肥料施用——营养需求

可可树的相关植物保护——主要环境压力及病害

可可的收获、处理和储存

销售、贸易和运输可可豆

我们的合作伙伴

我们与全球的非营利组织、大学和其他组织机构联合起来,共同履行我们在可持续发展和人类福祉方面的使命。