Alpacas: Origins, Characteristics, and Care
Alpacas (Vicugña pacos) are members of the Camelid Family and are a domesticated species of the South American camelid. Camelids originated in North America over 40 million years ago. Alpacas, domesticated by Peruvian Andes inhabitants 6,000 years ago, are camel family members used for food, fuel, and fiber. These ungulates, related to sheep and giraffes, have large bodies, long necks, and fluffy tails. Unlike llamas, alpacas have shorter ears and rounder faces.
Globally valued for their soft, warm fleece, alpacas come in 22 colors, including white, black, beige, and various browns and grays. While they are farmed in countries like Australia, the US, and the UK, they originally hail from the Andes mountains, which span Bolivia to Argentina.
There are two alpaca breeds:
- the huacaya, with compact, crimped fleece, making up 90% of the population and
- the suri, with longer, silkier, corkscrew-like fibers.
Alpacas are sheared annually in spring or early summer. Huacayas, the more common type, account for about 85-90% of all alpacas. The two breed types vary primarily in terms of their fiber.
Males and females look similar, though males are slightly larger and have more prominent fighting teeth, which can be over an inch long, a rare feature among herbivores.
Origin and Historical Significance
Alpacas, native to the Andean regions of Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, have been integral to Andean cultures for thousands of years. Alpacas are native to the Andes Mountains, where they thrive in marshy environments at altitudes of 4,000 to 4,800 meters (13,000 to 15,700 feet). They are the smallest and most specialized lamoid species, standing about 35 inches (88.9 cm) at the shoulder and weighing 121 to 143 pounds (54.8-64.8 kg). Unlike llamas, alpacas have a rounded body, a tail that lies close to their body, and a coat that ranges from black and brown to lighter shades of gray, tan, and occasionally white. While it was once thought that alpacas and llamas shared a common ancestor in guanacos, recent genetic research reveals that alpacas are domesticated descendants of vicuñas.
In ancient Andean civilizations, alpacas were primarily valued for their fleece. Their wool, prized for its softness and warmth, made garments and textiles crucial for the harsh Andean climate.
Alpaca Fleece
Alpaca fleece is highly valued for its hypoallergenic properties, as it contains no lanolin, which means it requires minimal cleaning before spinning. This makes it a great choice for those sensitive to allergens. The fleece is renowned for its silky texture and exceptional “handle,” making it popular among artisanal crafters and the commercial fashion industry. Alpaca fleece comes in a wide array of natural colors—sixteen officially recognized shades including white, beige, and various tones of fawn, brown, black, and gray—along with many subtle variations. Its versatility allows for easy dyeing, with lighter shades like white, fawn, and gray readily accepting a range of colors. Additionally, blending alpaca fleece with other fine fibers such as merino wool, cashmere, mohair, silk, or angora can create unique and luxurious textiles.
The fleece consists of two main types of fibers: the softer, finer undercoat fibers and the coarser outer guard hairs. Alpaca wool’s diameter typically ranges from 18 to 30 micrometers, making the finer fibers smoother and more desirable.
Alpacas are sheared annually, producing approximately 2.5 to 4 kg (5.5 to 8.8 pounds) of fleece per shearing. Unlike llama fleece, which is coarser, alpaca wool is noted for its softness and insulating properties. Alpaca fleece comes in various colors, including white, black, brown, and grey, and is highly valued for its fine texture and hypoallergenic qualities (Vásquez et al., 2021).
How are alpacas different from llamas?
Alpacas and llamas, though related, differ significantly in several key aspects. Alpacas are smaller than llamas, standing about 34 to 36 inches (86-91 cm) at the shoulder and typically weighing between 100 to 175 pounds (45.3-80 kg). They are primarily kept for their fleece, which is prized for its softness and comes in 22 natural colors, including shades of white, black, brown, and gray. Alpacas have short, pointed ears and a rounded, more delicate face, contributing to their gentle appearance.
On the other hand, llamas are larger, standing around 42 to 48 inches (106-121 cm) at the shoulder and weighing between 250 to 450 pounds (113-204 kg). They are bred more for their strength and ability to carry loads, making them excellent pack animals. Llamas have longer, banana-shaped ears and a more pronounced, elongated face. Their coats are less dense and have a coarser texture compared to alpacas. While llamas can be used for their fleece, it is generally not as soft or fine as alpacas. Additionally, llamas are known for their guarding instincts and can be used to protect other livestock, a trait not typically associated with alpacas
What Should Alpacas Eat for Optimal Nutrition? – How to Feed Alpacas
Alpacas are more adept at digesting coarse forages compared to ruminants. They are well-suited to environments with sparse vegetation but prefer greener, softer plants when available. Alpacas’ unique digestive system, which includes a stomach resistant to bloat, differentiates them from ruminants, who have a higher risk of bloat due to their four-chambered stomachs.
Nutritional Needs & Forage Requirements
Alpacas need a diet high in fiber to maintain good digestive health. Forage should be available continuously to prevent health issues and psychological distress. A diet rich in lush pasture grasses, legume hays, and high-protein or high-sugar foods should be managed carefully. Alpacas are designed to digest fiber efficiently but are unsuited to large, singular meals.
Carbohydrates & Protein
Alpacas require carbohydrates primarily from fiber sources like hay and grass. Excessive sugars and starches can lead to health problems, so monitoring their intake is essential. Protein needs vary based on the alpaca’s age, activity level, and reproductive status. Generally, alpacas need 10-12% protein in their diet. While hays and pasture provide some protein, legume hays like alfalfa can be used in moderation, particularly for those with specific health or growth needs.
Vitamins & Minerals
Key vitamins and minerals are crucial for alpaca health. Avoid supplements designed for other species, particularly those high in copper, as alpacas are sensitive to this mineral. Ensure a balanced intake of calcium, phosphorus, and other essential minerals to prevent health issues. Regularly test forage and water quality to maintain optimal health.
Water & Treats
They require 2-3 gallons of water daily. To ensure hydration, provide continuous access to clean water and use heaters in freezing temperatures. Treats should be given sparingly; safe options include carrots, apples, and bananas, but avoid sugary or potentially harmful foods.
General Health and Care for Alpacas
While alpacas are generally hardy and disease-resistant, they still benefit from preventive health measures and access to a veterinarian experienced with camelids. Effective health management includes regular worming, vaccinations, and supplements tailored to the geographic area. For instance, selenium supplements may be necessary to prevent white muscle disease, and vitamin D is crucial for preventing rickets in winter-born cria. Regular toenail trimming and dental checks are also essential, as is annual shearing for their comfort.
Routine Health Checks: It is vital to monitor alpacas’ eyes, ears, teeth, and feet regularly. Look for any signs of abrasions, build-ups, or lethargy. Daily inspection of feces is important to detect abnormalities such as mucous or diarrhea, which could indicate health issues.
Feces: Alpacas typically defecate in designated areas, producing small, dark pellets. Runny feces, mucous, or other abnormalities can signal parasitic infections or other health problems. Consult your veterinarian for accurate diagnosis and treatment.
Teeth: Most alpacas with good dental alignment do not need their teeth trimmed. However, protruding front incisors or fighting teeth in mature males may need attention to prevent injury. Regular checks for gum swelling or tooth abscesses, often caused by coarse hay, are recommended. Alpacas usually lose their baby teeth around two years of age.
Feet: Alpacas have padded feet with two toes, and their toenails require periodic trimming. Check nails by lifting the foot and examining the underside. Trim if the nail extends beyond the pad. If bleeding occurs from clipping too close, use blood stop powder or spray and wrap the foot.
Grooming: Grooming aims to keep the fleece clean and free from debris that can cause skin irritations. Remove waste hay and seed pods to maintain a clean environment. Light grooming with a fiber brush and pick can help, but avoid excessive brushing to prevent fiber damage and stress.
Parasites and Worming: Alpacas can be prone to parasites, especially in warmer weather. Based on local conditions, develop a worming program with your veterinarian. Avoid worming during the first and last 90 days of gestation unless necessary. Regular treatments might include Dectomax for adults and Panacur for cria. During wet seasons, add Corid to the water to combat coccidia.
Vaccines: Alpacas need vaccinations against various diseases. Consult your veterinarian to create a vaccination schedule suited to your area. For example, CD&T vaccinations are administered at specific times, including at birth and subsequent intervals.
References:
- https://greatlakesalpaca.com/
- San-Martin, M., Copaira, M., Zuniga, J., Rodreguez, R., Bustinza, G., & Acosta, L. (1968). Aspects of reproduction in the alpaca. Reproduction, 16(3), 395-399.
- Irlbeck, N. A. (2000). Basics of Alpaca Nutrition. In Alpaca Owners and Breeder Association Annual Conference Proceedings. June (Vol. 4).
- Cebra, C., Anderson, D. E., Tibary, A., Van Saun, R. J., & Johnson, L. W. (2013). Llama and alpaca care: Medicine, surgery, reproduction, nutrition, and herd health. Elsevier Health Sciences.
